Patricia Roberts Harris

Patricia Roberts Harris (31 mee 1924 – 23 mars 1985) ko Ameriknaajo politik, dipolomaat, ganndo sariya. O wonii jaagorgal 6ɓo to bannge koɗki e ƴellitaare gure to Amerik tuggi 1977 haa 1979 e jaagorgal 13ɓo to bannge cellal e golle aadee[a] to Amerik tuggi 1979 haa 1981 e gardagol hooreejo leydi Jimmy Carter. O woniino ko adii ɗuum ammbasadeer Amerik to Luxembourg tuggi 1965 haa 1967 e gardagol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Lyndon B. Johnson. E nder golle makko e nder renndo, Harris wonnoo ko ƴaañoowo rewɓe e yimɓe ɓaleeɓe ngam jogaade geɗe keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen debbo afriknaajo-ameriknaajo gadano e debbo ɓaleejo meeɗaa golloraade e nder kabine hooreejo leydi e debbo gadano e neɗɗo ɓaleejo toɗɗaaɗo e ɗiɗo jappeere kabine hooreejo leydi ceertunde. Ko kanko woni binndoowo HHS Afriknaajo-Ameriknaajo gadano, kadi ko kanko woni binndoowo HUD ɓaleejo ɗiɗaɓo, kam e debbo ɗiɗaɓo ardinoowo gooto e ɗeen departemaaji kuuɓtodinɗi. Yanti heen, ko kanko woni debbo ɓaleejo gadano ammbasadeer Amerik, gardiiɗo duɗal sariya Amerik, tergal e yiilirde sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Fortune 500. O woniino tergal lannda Demokaraasi, o ƴaañii ngam suɓaade meer diiwaan Columbia e woote meer 1982 kono o foolaama e nder woote gardagol leydi, o dañii ɗiɗaɓo caggal meer jooni oo, hono Marion Barry.[1][2][3][4][1] 5][6]

Nguurndam adanɗam

Patricia Roberts jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1924, to Mattoon, Illinois, ɓiy Bert Fitzgerald Roberts, gardinooɗo otooji ñaamde e laana njoorndi, e Hildren Brodie (jibinaa ko Johnson). O woodi miñiiko gooto, Malcolm, mo ɓesngu makko anndi e Mickey.[8] Jibnaaɓe makko ceerti nde o heɓi duuɓi 6, caggal ɗuum ko yumma makko e neene makko njibini mo, o janngi e duɗal laamu to Chicago.[8][1]

Jaangirde

Caggal nde o dañi bursiiji e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde joy ceertuɗe, Roberts suɓii ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard, ɗo o heɓi ɗoon seedantaagal makko, summa cum laude, e hitaande 1945.[10][4] Nde o woni to Howard, o suɓaama Phi Beta Kappa, o woni cukko hooreejo fedde NAACP to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard.[11][12] E wakkati maako haa jaami'aare Howard, o laati tergal Delta Sigma Theta — kawtal taariiha ɓaleeɓe, ngal sosaa haa jangirde Patricia nder hitaande 1913.[13] E hitaande 1943, o tawtoraama gooto e sit-ins gadani e nder ngenndi ndii.[14][8] O waɗii golle dipolomaaji e jokkondiral gollorɗe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Chicago gila 1946 haa 1949.[15][1] Ngam ɓeydaade naatde e golle jojjanɗe aadee, o arti to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik e hitaande 1949, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko Master.[13][16][1]

Caggal nde o resi e hitaande 1955, Harris fuɗɗii jokkude golle jaŋde, kono o yiyi fartaŋŋe seeɗa sabu seertude.[8] Jom suudu makko hirjini mo ngam yahde duɗal sariya,[8] o heɓi J.D. makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington e hitaande 1960, o woni limngal gadanal e nder suudu janngirdu capanɗe jeenay e nayo.[14][4] O heɓi ekzamen bar e hitaande ndee tan.[2]

E hitaande 1965, Harris teddinaama e nder oon sahaa e njeenaari jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Geroge Washington.[17]

Kugal

Nde o janngata to Chicago, Roberts wonnoo ko gardiiɗo porogaraam fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe Kerecee’en.[2][18] Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik, o golliima e sahaa gooto, o woni balloowo hooreejo fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde jojjanɗe aadee, o fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1949, o woni haa hitaande 1953.[1][2] Darnde makko adannde e laamu Amerik ko e hitaande 1960, o woni awokaa to bannge ñaawoore e wiɗtooji to bannge ñaawoore to bannge ñaawoore Amerik.[8][2] Ko ɗoon o hawri e Robert F. Kennedy, awokaa keso oo, o waɗti sehilaagal.[6]

Hitaande wootere caggal mum, Harris ƴetti golle jannginoowo e gardotooɗo almudɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard.[2] E hitaande 1963, o woppi golle makko e Dean, kono o woni e wonde jannginoowo.[2] E oon sahaa gooto, tuggi 1962 haa 1965, o gollodiima e Dental Ndimaagu Siwil e nder Laamorde Ngenndiire.[2] Nde karallaagal makko e yuɓɓinde ƴellitii, Harris kadi ɓeydii naatde e lannda Demokaraasi.[1] E hitaande 1963, o toɗɗaa o woni porfeseer timmuɗo to Howard, e hooreejo leydi John F. Kennedy toɗɗii mo hooreejo Goomu ngenndiijo rewɓe ngam hakkeeji siwil, o siforaama no "fedde nde hawri e fedde rewɓe 100 e nder leydi ndii fof." Hooreejo makko ko Mildred Makafee Horton.[2]

Patricia Harris e hitaande 1965, e nder kewu mum ngam wonde ammbasadeer Amerik to Luxembourg

E hitaande 1964, Harris suɓaama e nder batu ngenndiwal Demokaraasi ummoraade e diiwaan Columbia. O golliima e kampaañ Lyndon Johnson ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi, o ardii noddaango makko e batu Demokaraasi 1964. E lewru oktoobar 1965, hooreejo leydi Johnson toɗɗii Ambasadeer mum to Luxembourg, darnde nde o gollinoo haa nde laamu Johnson joofi.[1] Ko kanko woni debbo afriknaajo-ameriknaajo gadano inniraaɗo nulaaɗo Amerik.[1][2][4] O wi'i dow toɗɗagol maako, "Miɗo mari manngu masin e yettoore nde'e hooreejo leydi suɓi yam ngam mi fooɗa ndee barkaare, ammaa boo mi mettini seeɗa abou."t wonde ‘debbo Negro gadano,’ sabu ɗum firti ko en ƴeewtaaka ko adii ɗuum."[4] Yanti heen, Johnson inniri mo ko lomto delegaasiyoŋ to Asaambele ngenndi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e duuɓi 1966-68.[4]

E hitaande 1967, Harris artii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard to duɗal sariya, ɗo o inniraa Dean e hitaande 1969, ko adii fof ko debbo ɓaleejo.[5] O woppi golle Dean lewru caggal nde hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard, James E. Cheek, salii wallitde darnde makko tiiɗnde ngam haɓaade seppooji almudɓe.[20] Ndeen o naatii e fedde wiyeteende Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, gooto e feddeeji sariyaaji ɓurɗi lollude e nder Washington, D.C.

E hitaande 1971, Harris innitiraa ko e nder yiilirde IBM,[6] o woni debbo ɓaleejo Ameriknaajo gadano jooɗaade e yiilirde sosiyetee Fortune 500.[6] Yanti heen, o golliima e juɓɓule Scott Paper, e banke ngenndiijo Washington, e banke Chase Manhattan. Nde o toɗɗaa e yiilirde Chase Manhattan, o teskiima : "Ɗaɓɓaaɗe poolgu tokooso ɓaleeɓe acciraaɗe ƴellitaade e nder duuɓi 300 jawtuɗi ɗii ina mawni no feewi. Ko foti wonde fof, ko poolgu nguu foti ɓeydeede, ko ɗum huunde mawnde." sosiyeteeji ina mbaawi wallude e waɗde ko mi gadano e nder boarduuji keewɗi, kono mi weltoto tan ko mi ɓaleejo tan, walla debbo gooto tan."[22]

Harris jokki e waɗde batte mum e lannda Demokaraasi nde, e hitaande 1972, o toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu seedantaagal[14], e hitaande 1973, o woni tergal mawngal e Goomu Ngenndiijo Demokaraasi.[1][23] Seede makko e darnde makko e darnde makko e darnde makko, ko nde hooreejo leydi Jimmy Carter toɗɗii mo e golle ɗiɗi to bannge kabine e nder laamu makko.

Koolaaɗo kuuɓal kabine

Harris bana binndoowo HUD bee hooreejo lesdi Carter bee hooreejo lesdi New York Abraham Beame ɗon yaha haa Bronx woylaare nder hitaande 1977

Harris toɗɗaama e kabine hooreejo leydi Jimmy Carter ngam wonde jaagorgal ko fayti e koɗki e ƴellitaare wuro (HUD) nde Carter ƴetti laamu e hitaande 1977.[1] E nder yeewtere makko ngam tabitinde, senaateer William Proxmire naamndii so tawii Harris ummorii ko e nokkuuji keewɗi ngalu e doole ngam wonde Sekreteruuji HUD baawɗi golle. O jaabii, "Miin ko mi debbo ɓaleejo, ɓiɗɗo gardiiɗo oto Pullman (railroad). Miin ko mi debbo ɓaleejo mo hay duuɓi jeetati jooni, mi waawaano soodde galle e nder nokkuuji e nder diiwaan Columbia. Mi fuɗɗaaki." ko o tergal e fedde awokaaji mawnde, kono ko o debbo potɗo heɓde bursi ngam yahde ekkol. E oon sahaa e nguurndam Harris, o tabitinii hoore makko wonde wonaa tan gardiiɗo jaajɗo ngam hakkeeji siwil, kono kadi ko o awokaa mawɗo e nder gollorɗe e debbo njulaagu.[19] Nde o tabitinaa, Harris wonti debbo afriknaajo-ameriknaajo gadano naatde e laamu hooreejo leydi.[1] O wonii Sekereteer HUD gila 1977 haa 1979,[10] o yuɓɓini departemaa o e waylude diga ustude cuuɗi cafrirɗi haa e moƴƴitinde koɗkiiji rewrude e miliyoŋaaji dolaar e kaalis makko e Porogaraam makko peeje koɗki ngam mahngo, Urban Development Graning Action Grants back into c , e Feere yaajnde ngam ƴellitde galleeji wuro.[1] The Washington Post, nde o ndaari waylooji maako duuɓi ɗuɗɗi ɓaawo man, o wi'i: "[A] ɓaawo duuɓi ɗiɗi o laati ardiiɗo, hukuuma man wayliti diga ɓesdugo tan kuugal koɗki lesdi man haa o laati daraniiɗo hisnugo nder birniji."[18]

Ngam heɓde nafoore makko e ardaade HUD, Carter toɗɗii Harris yo won gardiiɗo cellal, jaŋde, e wellitaare, woni gollordu ɓurndu mawnude e Kabinee, e hitaande 1979.[24] Ko ɗoo kadi, laawol tabitingol ngol ina weeɓi.[6] Caggal nde sariya yuɓɓo departemaa jaŋde fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 4 mee 1980, golle jaŋde departemaa oo mbaɗtaa e juuɗe departemaa jaŋde. Harris woni ko e wonde Sekereteer Departemaa Cellal e Kuuɓal Neɗɗaŋke mo innde mum wayli ndee haa Carter yalti e golle mum e hitaande 1981. Nde tawnoo departemaa oo wayli tan ko inɗe, ko luutndii fusde e departemaa keso sosaaɗo, o fotaani kadi e seedantaagal Senaa caggal nde o wayli. E nder golle makko e Departemaa o, Harris hawri e caɗeele keewɗe e bidsee, o hesɗitinii ekipaaji njuɓɓudi.[18]

Harris rokkii limlebbiiji keewɗi e golle mum e nder ɗeen golle kabine, ina jeyaa heen wonde doosgal hakkeeji siwil yanii nde o woni hooreejo HHS, wonde Kongres noddi jaabawuuli makko e ɗaɓɓaande waylude politik ngam ustude njoɓdi cellal ina ŋakki, e ɗuum ko heewi e porogaraamuuji makko timmi ko e waɗde ko famɗi fof e wuro makko Washington, D.C.[18]

To bannge goɗɗo, Dennis Green, gardiiɗo biro toppitiiɗo njuɓɓudi e bidsee, siftinii laawol makko ngol wonde "joom hakkille tiiɗɗo, hakkille, yaawɗo faamde caɗeele gollorde makko, kadi o rewi ko o yiɗi."[18]

Post-laamu

E hitaande 1981, Harris toɗɗaa ko jannginoowo timmuɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington. O woni e faculté haa o maayi e hitaande 1985.[9]

Harris dogi ngam suɓaade hooreejo wuro Washington, tawi o dañaani heen t wonde ‘debbo Negro gadano,’ sabu ɗum firti ko en ƴeewtaaka ko adii ɗuum."[4] Yanti heen, Johnson inniri mo ko lomto delegaasiyoŋ to Asaambele ngenndi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e duuɓi 1966-68.[4]

E hitaande 1967, Harris artii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard to duɗal sariya, ɗo o inniraa Dean e hitaande 1969, ko adii fof ko debbo ɓaleejo.[5] O woppi golle Dean lewru caggal nde hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard, James E. Cheek, salii wallitde darnde makko tiiɗnde ngam haɓaade seppooji almudɓe.[20] Ndeen o naatii e fedde wiyeteende Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, gooto e feddeeji sariyaaji ɓurɗi lollude e nder Washington, D.C.

E hitaande 1971, Harris innitiraa ko e nder yiilirde IBM,[6] o woni debbo ɓaleejo Ameriknaajo gadano jooɗaade e yiilirde sosiyetee Fortune 500.[6] Yanti heen, o golliima e juɓɓule Scott Paper, e banke ngenndiijo Washington, e banke Chase Manhattan. Nde o toɗɗaa e yiilirde Chase Manhattan, o teskiima : "Ɗaɓɓaaɗe poolgu tokooso ɓaleeɓe acciraaɗe ƴellitaade e nder duuɓi 300 jawtuɗi ɗii ina mawni no feewi. Ko foti wonde fof, ko poolgu nguu foti ɓeydeede, ko ɗum huunde mawnde." sosiyeteeji ina mbaawi wallude e waɗde ko mi gadano e nder boarduuji keewɗi, kono mi weltoto tan ko mi ɓaleejo tan, walla debbo gooto tan."[22]

Harris jokki e waɗde batte mum e lannda Demokaraasi nde, e hitaande 1972, o toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu seedantaagal[14], e hitaande 1973, o woni tergal mawngal e Goomu Ngenndiijo Demokaraasi.[1][23] Seede makko e darnde makko e darnde makko e darnde makko, ko nde hooreejo leydi Jimmy Carter toɗɗii mo e golle ɗiɗi to bannge kabine e nder laamu makko.

Koolaaɗo kuuɓal kabine

Harris bana binndoowo HUD bee hooreejo lesdi Carter bee hooreejo lesdi New York Abraham Beame ɗon yaha haa Bronx woylaare nder hitaande 1977

Harris toɗɗaama e kabine hooreejo leydi Jimmy Carter ngam wonde jaagorgal ko fayti e koɗki e ƴellitaare wuro (HUD) nde Carter ƴetti laamu e hitaande 1977.[1] E nder yeewtere makko ngam tabitinde, senaateer William Proxmire naamndii so tawii Harris ummorii ko e nokkuuji keewɗi ngalu e doole ngam wonde Sekreteruuji HUD baawɗi golle. O jaabii, "Miin ko mi debbo ɓaleejo, ɓiɗɗo gardiiɗo oto Pullman (railroad). Miin ko mi debbo ɓaleejo mo hay duuɓi jeetati jooni, mi waawaano soodde galle e nder nokkuuji e nder diiwaan Columbia. Mi fuɗɗaaki." ko o tergal e fedde awokaaji mawnde, kono ko o debbo potɗo heɓde bursi ngam yahde ekkol. E oon sahaa e nguurndam Harris, o tabitinii hoore makko wonde wonaa tan gardiiɗo jaajɗo ngam hakkeeji siwil, kono kadi ko o awokaa mawɗo e nder gollorɗe e debbo njulaagu.[19] Nde o tabitinaa, Harris wonti debbo afriknaajo-ameriknaajo gadano naatde e laamu hooreejo leydi.[1] O wonii Sekereteer HUD gila 1977 haa 1979,[10] o yuɓɓini departemaa o e waylude diga ustude cuuɗi cafrirɗi haa e moƴƴitinde koɗkiiji rewrude e miliyoŋaaji dolaar e kaalis makko e Porogaraam makko peeje koɗki ngam mahngo, Urban Development Graning Action Grants back into c , e Feere yaajnde ngam ƴellitde galleeji wuro.[1] The Washington Post, nde o ndaari waylooji maako duuɓi ɗuɗɗi ɓaawo man, o wi'i: "[A] ɓaawo duuɓi ɗiɗi o laati ardiiɗo, hukuuma man wayliti diga ɓesdugo tan kuugal koɗki lesdi man haa o laati daraniiɗo hisnugo nder birniji."[18]

Ngam heɓde nafoore makko e ardaade HUD, Carter toɗɗii Harris yo won gardiiɗo cellal, jaŋde, e wellitaare, woni gollordu ɓurndu mawnude e Kabinee, e hitaande 1979.[24] Ko ɗoo kadi, laawol tabitingol ngol ina weeɓi.[6] Caggal nde sariya yuɓɓo departemaa jaŋde fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 4 mee 1980, golle jaŋde departemaa oo mbaɗtaa e juuɗe departemaa jaŋde. Harris woni ko e wonde Sekereteer Departemaa Cellal e Kuuɓal Neɗɗaŋke mo innde mum wayli ndee haa Carter yalti e golle mum e hitaande 1981. Nde tawnoo departemaa oo wayli tan ko inɗe, ko luutndii fusde e departemaa keso sosaaɗo, o fotaani kadi e seedantaagal Senaa caggal nde o wayli. E nder golle makko e Departemaa o, Harris hawri e caɗeele keewɗe e bidsee, o hesɗitinii ekipaaji njuɓɓudi.[18]

Harris rokkii limlebbiiji keewɗi e golle mum e nder ɗeen golle kabine, ina jeyaa heen wonde doosgal hakkeeji siwil yanii nde o woni hooreejo HHS, wonde Kongres noddi jaabawuuli makko e ɗaɓɓaande waylude politik ngam ustude njoɓdi cellal ina ŋakki, e ɗuum ko heewi e porogaraamuuji makko timmi ko e waɗde ko famɗi fof e wuro makko Washington, D.C.[18]

To bannge goɗɗo, Dennis Green, gardiiɗo biro toppitiiɗo njuɓɓudi e bidsee, siftinii laawol makko ngol wonde "joom hakkille tiiɗɗo, hakkille, yaawɗo faamde caɗeele gollorde makko, kadi o rewi ko o yiɗi."[18]

Post-laamu

E hitaande 1981, Harris toɗɗaa ko jannginoowo timmuɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington. O woni e faculté haa o maayi e hitaande 1985.[9]

Harris dogi ngam suɓaade hooreejo wuro Washington, tawi o dañaani heen