Wikipedia

Pikiri

Pikiri ko lekki fewnaaki fii nawndugol ñawu. Ko burii kon pikiri hino marii ko nandii e ko innirtee"micro-organisme pathogene".Ko buri kon ko biddo nawna-on warata ontigi on duytay doole ontigi e toksinji makko, madun  protein ontigi on. Lekki kin walay cellel bandu ngun andita biddo nawnaare den moyya e bandu hino wawi warude ontigi on maa kala "micro organisme" wonudo ka nder bandu. Pinguggol goddo Ko waksinasiton wiyetee. Pingegol ko feere burde moyyude fii reenagol nabbeli;[1]. Pingagol buri moyyude fii nawndugol nawnaare puyye, kanu e duytugolnabbeli wan niaba e tetanosi. Pikir holudo nafoore ko pikir infuenza,[2]  e HPV, [3] et pikir fii gertode nden.[4] Kongudi " waksine e waksinasiyon" ko e pingegol iwii fii ko wietee niiapitee ko yieteedo Edward Jenner fecci inde nden.

Moyyugol ngol taƴto

Pingegol burii holnaade e moyyude fii niawdugol naabejibondi din.[5][6][7][8][9] Kono hidi waddi ella seeda.[10]

Nafore pingegol hino fawii e piyyi hewudi:

  • Nawnaare nden e hoore mun (nawnaaje godde no ton , pingegol hino wawii e mayyi buri hedii din).
  • Doole pikir on( pikirji goddi ko fii niawdugol nawnaare wotere tun).[10]
  • Si pingegol ngol jokaama n haanirii non.
  • Wobbe bandun; mabbe dun jabata pinngede.
  • Piiji sertudi siifa lenioln, duubi madun jibinande. [11]

Si pingaado nawnnii nawnaare nde o pinga fii mun hino wawii wonude nawnaare nden tampintamo haa no tampinirta nawnube be pingaka ben. Dii piiji no jogii nafoore ko yehii e fewjaare moyyere pingegol:[12]

  1. Yaawugol topitagol fewjaare pingegol ko ko neebata.
  2. Watangol yiili fii nawnaaje boyay de
  3. Jokkugol pingude yimbe ben hay si tawii nawnaare nden duytike.

Pingegol walii nawdugol fetti niawu burdo raabude e warude[13] Nawnaaje godde siifa rubeole,poliyo, napite, muusu noppi,puyye, tifoyid hawaani joni sabu yimbe buy pinganoma. Si tawi yimbe buy pingama  nawnaare den hebata doole fiii rabugol yimbe ben. Ko dun innete uminitee collective. Pingegongol kadi walay fii reenagol nawnaare nden. E missal  duytugol nabbeli pneumonia e stretocoque. Programm pingegol duyti niabeli  waydi waa penicillin e antibiotik. Pingegol fii nawnaare niapitee hino danda yimbe million 1 maayude hitande bee.[14][15]

Ko ñaagaaki e mun kon taƴto

Pikir pingetedo gila sukagu himo holni ko buri kon.[16] Hay si tawi no woddi ko fewaani hino fandi.[17] Hino adda  muusu jokule e musu daddi. E  wobbe a taway bandu mabbe dun jabata pikir on.[18][19]Bonandeji hewani hen.

Sifaaji taƴto

Waccin no marii piiji fewnaadi e labbinaadi iwudi e mayyi.

Ko alla e meminaade taƴto

Pikirji goddi no joggi piwoy tosokoy wietekoy micro-organisms , nguledi din waray koy.[20] E missali  waccin pollio, hepatii kanun e influenza.[21]

Duytaado taƴto

Pingegol no wodii kadi sifaa marudo micro organism ji wuurudi, duytaadi. Ko dun burataa adude niawu boyudo kono nde wonde ndi moyyata e bandu gobbe.

Anatoxine taƴto

Waccin anatoxine ko toxic mo wuraani o fewniira ko dun burata adudde nawnaare micro-organism on. [22]

Wonudi ley din taƴto

Wonudi ley din hutorto feccere micro organism fii niawdugol.

Winugongol taƴto

Nawnaaje godde no yaawi niawdeede si a beydii ko woni ender mun kon imminay ko innetee imminitee madun anditugol.

Ebbugol taƴto

Waccinji  buy ko biddo nawnaare fewnira iwii e micro- organisms.Waccin synthetics ko syntetic fewnira.

Fandugongol taƴto

Vaccines may be monovalent or multivalent. A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism.[23] Mulivalant ko Ñakku ñawndoowo ñabbe buy; hinno fawaa fii habugol sifaaji ñabbe immundi e nere gooto si wonaa dun e yummiraabe sertube.[24] Waccinji gooddi ko fii niawdugol nawnaare wootere tun antigen gooto madun micro organism gooto kono waccinji goddi ko fii ko fii micro organism hewudo.

Sifaaji duudi taƴto

Nawnaaje godde no waawii wonude ka bandu haa booya hara nawninaani.

Wowtugol nawnaare den taƴto

Nabbeji goddi si nangi neddo nde wootere, bandu dun wowitay ontigi on nawnoytaa si den nawnaare artoyi:

  1. Ko haabegol ko rabata kon hara hara natani ka bandu.
  2. O andita nawnaare nden, o wara de addo hidde hebude doole.

Fereeji e ko fotaa wadeede taƴto

Pingegol nomari lekki gooti maa diddi daninidaydi nawnaare den. Waccin hino mari ko wawi dandude ontigi on nawnaare.

Paranugol taƴto

Fii karalaagal moyyungal , hinno yamiraa e sukaabe ben pingeede (neseede) si bandu mabbe hebii doole jabaade pinguuji ko woni kala. Hibbe pingee kaddi ledde godde fii burugol sembinde bandu mabbe ndune hebugol e ñabbeeli. Dun jibing porogaramu neesugol maw do sattudo. Waccinji hewudi joonirte kono ko e dubbi ontigi on daarete madun ontigi on jeta waccin on e ngurdan makko fow. E missal waccin fii puyye, tetanosi, ngulu bandu e punomie.Ko buuri kon mawbe ben pingete fii punomoni e puyye.

Tarika on taƴto

Gila waccin fii puyye fudda fetti hino wawa renede si be pingi ontigi on bIddo nawnaare fetti den. Dun fuddanooma e leydi chine ko buri duubi wuluure. E hiitande 1960  jangii wo gollowo niande woo nawnataa fetti sabbu ontigi on nawniino addo.[25] E hittande 1796 Jenner fewni lekki o pinngii paykun kun duubi 8 e nder yonte jeego o pinngi sukka on nawnaare fetti ka banndu fii daarugol. O tawii paykun kun nawnaani.[26] [27] Jenner beydi ndartugol makko ngol e hittade 1798 o hollii waccin makko on hino moyyi e paykun e mawdo. Ko louis Pasteur yaltini waccin ndimo on e hittade 1880. Jamaano men hollii woo waccinji buy moyyinama fii nawnaaje siifa doggu reedu, fetti, napati, niaba. E hittande 1950 e niawdugol fetti e hedde 1960 e 1970. Maurice Hilleman ko burdo andeede e fewnoobe waccin e jamanuu amen. Lambe be e ONG jii din no wallude fii golle waccin.[28] Be walli buy fii cellal jamaa on. [29] Waccinji buy fewnaama e nder ndi duubi sappo feyyudi. [30] Kulle den kaddi no pingeede fii wataa raabe

Patanti taƴto

Fewnugol kaytaaji ko yahii e bantaare ñakkugol no wawii lelnude /boynude ñabbeeli kessi sabu nde wonde di yejitete. Moftugol mijooji kessi ko yehii e bantaare golle ñakkugol ngol e moftugol ko fotaani andeede kon.[30][31] E haala dental fii cellal duna, ko burii sattude e yaltingol ñakkuuji ka leyde de alaa doole ko angal kaalisi, cuudi cellal, kañun e ko fado kon e bangal gandal fii golloobe ben fii naatugol e marse on.

Ko hono jonirte taƴto

Golle wonade wadeede fii okkirugol waccin  takki haa yimbe ben hino tanyyini buray walude. Waccin no wadirtee ni fudike waylade sabbu hino woddin waccinji yaretedi e nde wonnde ko kanko buuri waddude nafoore.[32] Niawdugol haara pingetaake fuddaama waddeede e kulle den.[33][34] Tampon no wadeede fii ko yaata e 20.000 e sogoniajii kala.[35][36]

Sifaaji taƴto

Waccin hino mari sifaaji buy:[37]

Haari ko paykoy koy tun pingetee kono fereeji hino hebaade fii tawtudinugol suukabe ben e mawbe ben. [38]

  • Jiilidirugol waccinji hino wadde buy jonni. [37]      
  • Waccinji kessi hino fewneede.
  • Waccinji buy hino fewnede fii  renugol yimbe e nawnaaje. [37]
  • Waccin hino fewnedee kaddi fii  niawdugol nawnaaje chronic.[37]
  • Waccinji hino fewnee fii renuugol yimbe e bange niabeli. [37]
  • Jooma gannde en  hino wadude feere fii moyyinugol waccin wawude walude e fii nawnaaje.[39]

HIIMOƁE taƴto

 

  1. ↑ §  United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases. Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback MachineAccessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year." §  American Medical Association (2000). Vaccines and infectious diseases: putting risk into perspective. Archived 2015-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created." §  Public Health Agency of Canada. Vaccine-preventable diseases. Archived 2015-03-13 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups." §  United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens. Archived2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases."
  2. ↑ Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ (2009). Seasonal influenza vaccines. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 333. pp. 43–82. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3. ISBN 978-3-540-92164-6. PMID 19768400.
  3. ↑ Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS (July 2009). "Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines". Vaccine. 27 (32): 4355–62. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008. PMID 19515467.
  4. ↑ Liesegang TJ (August 2009). "Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 44 (4): 379–84. doi:10.3129/i09-126. PMID 19606157.
  5. ↑ Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, Bart KJ, Sirotkin B (1985). "Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 63 (6): 1055–68. PMC 2536484. PMID 3879673.
  6. ↑ Jan 11, Hub staff report / Published; 2017 (2017-01-11). "The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism". The Hub. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  7. ↑ Ellenberg SS, Chen RT (1997). "The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety". Public Health Reports. 112 (1): 10–20, discussion 21. PMC 1381831. PMID 9018282.
  8. ↑ "Vaccine Safety: The Facts". HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  9. ↑ Grammatikos AP, Mantadakis E, Falagas ME (June 2009). "Meta-analyses on pediatric infections and vaccines". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 23 (2): 431–57. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008. PMID 19393917.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL (August 1999). "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study". BMJ. 319 (7206): 352. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.352. PMC 32261. PMID 10435956.
  11. ↑ Préziosi MP, Halloran ME (September 2003). "Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (6): 772–9. doi:10.1086/377270. PMID 12955637.
  12. ↑ Miller, E.; Beverley, P. C. L.; Salisbury, D. M. (2002-07-01). "Vaccine programmes and policies". British Medical Bulletin. 62 (1): 201–211. doi:10.1093/bmb/62.1.201. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 12176861.
  13. ↑ "WHO | Smallpox". WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  14. ↑ "19 July 2017 Vaccines promoted as key to stamping out drug-resistant microbes"Immunization can stop resistant infections before they get started, say scientists from industry and academia."". Archived from the original on July 22, 2017.
  15. ↑ Sullivan P (2005-04-13). "Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines". Wash. Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  16. ↑ Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, Smith A, Chari R, Newberry S, Shanman R, Perry T, Goetz MB, Gidengil C (August 2014). "Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review". Pediatrics. 134 (2): 325–37. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1079. PMID 25086160.
  17. ↑ "Possible Side-effects from Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-07-12. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  18. ↑ "Seasonal Flu Shot – Seasonal Influenza (Flu)". CDC. 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2017-09-17
  19. ↑ "Vaccine Types". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2012-04-03. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
  20. ↑ "Types of Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved October 19,2017.
  21. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  22. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  23. ↑ "Monovalent" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  24. ↑ Polyvalent vaccine at Dorlands Medical Dictionary Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Needham, Joseph. (2000). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.154
  26. ↑ Stern AM, Markel H (2005). "The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges". Health Affairs. 24 (3): 611–21. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611. PMID 15886151.
  27. ↑ Dunn PM (January 1996). "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox" (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 74 (1): F77-8. doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77. PMC 2528332. PMID 8653442. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08.
  28. ↑ Olesen OF, Lonnroth A, Mulligan B (January 2009). "Human vaccine research in the European Union". Vaccine. 27 (5): 640–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064. PMID 19059446.
  29. ↑ Jit M, Newall AT, Beutels P (April 2013). "Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9 (4): 834–40. doi:10.4161/hv.23637. PMC 3903903. PMID 23357859.
  30. ↑ Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P (February 2014). "Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses". Vaccine. 32 (7): 759–65. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067. PMID 24295806.
  31. ↑ Hardman Reis T (2006). "The role of intellectual property in the global challenge for immunization". J World Intellect Prop. 9 (4): 413–25. doi:10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00284.x.
  32. ↑ WHO to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| ABC News, 16 Sep 2014| "Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer'". 2014-09-16. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  33. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
  34. ↑ "Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global". Business Review Weekly. 2015-02-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  35. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014.
  36. ↑ Patel JR, Heldens JG (March 2009). "Immunoprophylaxis against important virus disease of horses, farm animals and birds". Vaccine. 27 (12): 1797–1810. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.063. PMID 19402200.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Plotkin SA (April 2005). "Vaccines: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 11 (4 Suppl): S5-11. doi:10.1038/nm1209. PMC 7095920. PMID 15812490.
  38. ↑ Carlson B (2008). "Adults now drive growth of vaccine market". Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News. 28 (11). pp. 22–3. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10.
  39. ↑ Staff (28 March 2013). "Safer vaccine created without virus". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse – Jiji Press. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
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