Lola Álvarez Bravo

ɓii aadama
Jinsu	debbum
Ɓii-leydiyankaaku	Meksiko
Sooma	Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda
Innde	Dolores
Innde ɓesngu	Álvarez, Bravo
Pseudonym	Lola Álvarez Bravo
Ɗuubi daygo	3 Seeɗto 1903, 1907
Ɗoforde	Lagos de Moreno
Date of death	1993
Place of death	Mexico City
Dee/goriiwo	Manuel Álvarez Bravo
Wolde	Spanish
Sana'aji	photographer
Janngi to	Escuela Nacional Preparatoria
Archives at	Center for Creative Photography
Represented by	Artists Rights Society
Copyright representative	reproduction right represented by CISAC-member
Copyright status as a creator	works protected by copyrights
Artist files at	Philadelphia Museum of Art Library and Archives, Smithsonian American Art and Portrait Gallery Library

Lola Álvarez Bravo (3 abriil 1903 – 31 sulyee 1993) woni debbo Meksiknaajo gadano ƴettuɗo fotooje, kadi ko o neɗɗo teeŋtuɗo e nder renndo Meksik caggal njiimaandi. Anndaama e karallaagal makko toowngal e nder binndol, golle makko ina njiyee e banndiraaɓe makko no naalankaagal laaɓtungal nii. O anndiraama e hitaande 1964 e njeenaari ndi Dowla Jalisco rokki mo, sabu darnde makko e fotooje e darnde makko ngam hisnude pinal Meksik. Golle makko ina tawee e defte duumiiɗe e nder galleeji winndereeji, ina heen galle mooftirɗo ganndal hannde to wuro New York.

Álvarez jibinaa ko e wuro tokooso to Jalisco, kono o ummiima e wuro Meksik e baaba makko nde jibnaaɓe makko ceerti hedde hitaande 1906. Duuɓi sappo, o hoɗi e baaba makko e nder galle mawɗo, kono nde o maayi, feccere makko mawnde ƴetti mo -banndiraawo, nelduɗo mo internat. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde aada, e hitaande 1922 o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, ɗo o hawri e sehil makko mo nguurndam mum fof woni, hono Frida Kahlo. Sehilaagal makko e sehil makko goɗɗo e cukaagu makko, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo, fuɗɗii ko e giɗli hedde sahaa gooto, ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe resndi ɗum en e hitaande 1925. Jom suudu makko jannginii mo fotooje, kam e karallaagal ƴellitaare, fotde duuɓi sappo, o woniino balloowo makko . Nde o yiɗi ƴeewtaade ko o tagi koo, o weltaaki e dewgal ngal, ɓe ceerti e hitaande 1934.

Fuɗɗoraade golle makko e jannginoowo, Álvarez ƴetti golle fotooje ngam jaayndeeji e jaayɗe, o ƴelliti innde makko e nder rewɓe fotooje tan gollotooɓe to wuro Meksik. O suɓii ko hollirde fannuuji ɗii e laaɓal, o feeñnina maanaa ɓurɗo luggiɗde e pinal e nafoore renndo, o wonaa e yiylaade golle jeewte. E hitaande 1935, o fuɗɗii catal fotooje e nder departemaa jaŋde, duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum o gollinaa ngam dogginde golle fotooje to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Meksik, ɗo o woni haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1971.

Gaagaa darnde makko e yeeyde e jaayndeyaagal fotooje, Álvarez ƴettii fotooje keewɗe e sehilaaɓe makko naalankooɓe, e hitaande 1951 o udditi Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde) ngam ɓamtude golle maɓɓe. E hitaande 1953 to Galeria, o yuɓɓini koolol gootol golle Frida Kahlo yuɓɓinanoongol to Meksik e nder nguurndam naalanke oo. Gila e darorɗe kitaale 1970 haa e maayde makko e hitaande 1993, o dañii njeenaari winndereyankoori sabu ɓanndu golle makko. Arsiif makko fotooje ina tawee e nokku biyeteeɗo Centre pour la photographie créative to Tucson, to Arizona, to Amerik.

Nguurndam maako (1903-1927)

Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda,[1] anndiraaɗo Lola gila e cukaagu mum,[2] jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1903[Teskorɗe 1] to Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Meksik, to Sara de Anda e Gonzalo Martínez, yeeyoowo mo... naalankaagal e mobelaaji naatnaaɗi. Jibnaaɓe makko ina nanndi e seertude nde o woni suka no feewi.[4][Tesko 2] Nde o heɓi duuɓi tati, baaba makko ƴetti Martínez e mawniiko gorko, hono Miguel, ngam hoɗde to Mexico City e nder wuro mawngo 28- suudu mawndu.[4] Gooto e sehilaaɓe miñiiko wonnooɓe saraaji mum, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo, ina heewi arde e galle maɓɓe to Calle de Factor (hannde Calle de Allende).[9]

Gonzalo Martínez maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1916, nde o yahrata e ɓiyiiko debbo e nder oto.[10] Nde o sankii, Martínez ummii galle maɓɓe, hoɗi e miñi mum e debbo mum, e nder suudu wonndu to Calle de Santa Teresa (hannde Calle Guatemala). E yiɗde hoolkisaade wonde o wonta debbo jom hakkille e jom galle, debbo Miguel neldi[9] Martínez ngam timminde jaŋde aada to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Colegio del Sagrado Corazón.[8][11] Martínez weltaaki e cuɓagol makko, o yiɗi ko ɓuri ɗum, o wiyi "mi anndaa ko waɗi gila e cukaagu am, miɗo joginoo miijo wonde miɗo yiɗi waɗde huunde nde yimɓe fof mbaɗata. Ko ɓuri mi yiɗde e nguurndam am ko ɓe njamira mi e saraaji." e ɓe kaɗa ndimaagu am".[11] O yahi yeeso o janngi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, o hawri e Frida Kahlo toon e hitaande 1922.[12] Rewɓe ɗiɗo ɓee mbaɗii sehilaagal tiiɗngal, nguurndam.[13] E nder ɗuum, jokkondiral makko e sehil makko cukaagu biyeteeɗo Manuel Álvarez, ƴellitii haa wonti giɗli. Ɓee ɗiɗo ina keewi yahde e laabi ina ƴeewa ŋarɗugol les ɓuuɓri e baasal wuro ngoo.[14]

E hitaande 1925, Martínez e Álvarez resndi, o ƴetti innde makko.[15] Ɓe ngummii Oaxaca, ɗo Manuel heɓi golle e nder Biro Konte Ngenndiijo,[14] e nder renndo naalankooɓe nokku oo.[2] E nder waktuuji maɓɓe mbelɗi, Manuel, jannguɗo fotooje nde o woni suka, janngini Álvarez no huutortoo kamera e ƴellitde filmo.[9][16] No ɓe mbaɗiri e wuro Meksik nii, ɓeen ɗiɗo ina njillondiri e laabi, kono jooni ɓe puɗɗiima winndude yahdu maɓɓe e fotooje.[9] Álvarez waɗi fotooje mum gadane to Oaxaca,[8][2] ɗe njiylotoo ko sifaa allegoric mo gorko mum ɓuri yiɗde. [12] Nde o heɓi reedu, ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe pelliti hootde to Mexico City e hitaande 1927 ngam won’de sara nokkuuji safaara e ɓesngu. Ko ɗoon ɓiɗɗo maɓɓe gooto, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo Martínez jibinaa.[17] Hay so tawii Manuel ina golloo haa jooni e Biro Konte Ngenndiije, ko juuti caggal jibineede ɓiyiiko, Manuelito, o woppi golle ngam jokkude golle fotooje.[14] Nde o ƴelliti yi’annde makko, o wonti weltaare tan e ƴellitde filmo gorko makko, caɗeele e nder dewgal ngal puɗɗii feeñde.[2][14]

Fuɗɗoode golle makko (1927-1934)

E hitaande 1927, ɓe udditi galle naalankaagal e nder galle maɓɓe, ɓe ɗiɗo fof kolliri fotooje e nate ɗe sehilaaɓe maɓɓe naalankooɓe mbaɗi, ina jeyaa heen David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera,[14] e Rufino Tamayo.[8] Manuel fuɗɗii ko e ƴettude yamiroore ngam waɗde pottitte e Álvarez walliti mo e nehde ɓiɗɗo maɓɓe.[17] E resde mo e golle tokoose, ko wayi no jillondirde kemikal e binndol, Manuel salii rokkude Álvarez waktuuji e kamera, kono o wasiyiima mo miijooji tiitoonde, o janngi karallaagal ngal.[18] E sahaa nde ko ɓuri heewde e fotooje jaayndeeji ina njiɗi waɗde nataluuji teskinɗi, Manuel janngini Álvarez yo woɗɗondir e fannuuji mum ngam nanngude ko woni e nder mum en.[19] O janngi kadi nate ɗe sehilaaɓe maɓɓe naalankooɓe kolliti e nder galle hee, o janngi ko fayti e composite.[14] E hitaande 1930, o heɓi kamera makko, nde Tina Modotti soodi Álvarez Graflex mum, ngam dañde kaalis ngam yaltude leydi ndi caggal nde giɗo Modotti biyeteeɗo Julio Antonio Mella waraa.[20] Nde e hitaande 1931, Manuel rafi no feewi, o timmini golle makko, o ardii galle oo ngam dañde nguurndam maɓɓe.[18]

E hitaande 1933, Álvarez hawri e Paul Strand, fotoowo Ameriknaajo, o anndi e mbaadi makko ko fannu foto-documentaire mo ɓuri welde e makko ko ɓuri fotooji jom suudu makko style.[12] O anndi fotooje ko daartol, binndol waylo-waylo renndo. O inniri kamera oo "yitere tataɓere", ko ɗum addani goonga e humpito fotoowo oo.[21] Ina jeyaa e golle makko gadane gila e oon sahaa, tiitoonde mum ko La Visitación (Njillu nguu), o ƴetti ko e njillu makko e Manuel e fotoowo Faraysenaajo biyeteeɗo Henri Cartier-Bresson. Ɓe tato ɓee njahiino to Isthmus Tehuantepec e natal Álvarez ngal rewɓe ɗiɗo ina ndarii e damal, nanngi cuusal ngal subalɓe ɓee ndokki hakkunde mum en.[22] So wonaa jimɗi ɗi gorko makko yiɗi,[12] walla nate ɗe Modotti ƴetti ɗe,[23] natal Álvarez ngal ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e maanaaji laaɓtuɗi nguurndam ñalnde kala ɗi kamera nanngi.[12][22] E hitaande 1934, o naati e fedde winndooɓe e naalankooɓe mbayliigu keso, kanko e Manuel e Emilio Amero, o sosi gooto e feddeeji ƴeewndorɗe sinemaaji ɓurɗi adii e nder leydi Meksik.[24] Nde style makko e yiɗde makko jogaade daande makko feeñi, jiiɓru hakkunde maɓɓe ɓeydii bonde e hitaande 1934, Álvarez ƴetti ɓiyiiko, seerti e Manuel,[2][25] hay so tawii ɓe ceertaani haa hitaande 1948.[2] E sahaa nde ɓe ceerti ndee, o tabitinii hoore makko ko fotoowo ganndo. Nde o heɓi golle e jaayɗe nokkuuje keewɗe,[26] o jokki innde Álvarez Bravo e nder golle makko.[11][16]

Golle hakkundeeje (1935-1971)

E nder galle María Izquierdo e hitaande 1935, sara Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal,[8][12] Álvarez fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo naalankaagal to duɗal leslesal. Galle Maria wonti nokku ɗo annduɓe, naalankooɓe, e politikaaji kawrata e tawtoreede sosde mbaydi pinal Meksik ndi cifotoo yontaaji caggal rewolison.[27] O ƴetti kadi golle e nder jaayɗe bayɗe no Avance, Espacio, Futuro, Vea, e Voz,[2] o yaawi heɓde innde wonde jaayndiyanke fotooje ganndo.[12] O tawtoraama koolol makko gadanol e nder fedde e hitaande 1935, o holliri kolaaɗe ɗiɗi Surrealist to Departemaa Naalankaagal to Guadalajara.[28][29] Oon hitaande, o ƴetti golle to Departemaa Jaŋde catal fotooje.[2][8] O hawri e Lázaro Cárdenas, e oon sahaa jaagorgal jaŋde (caggal ɗuum hooreejo leydi Meksik), e dow fenaande, o naamnaa yo o fotoo. E weltaare golle makko, Cárdenas holliri fotooje makko yimɓe woɗɓe jogiiɓe semmbe, ɗum addani mo heɓde ballal e El Maestro Rural (Jannginoowo Ladde), jaaynde jannginoowo mawnde wonande sukaaɓe jannginooɓe.[2][30] Gollaade laawol makko dow laylaytol, o wonti fotoowo golloowo to El Maestro Rural[12], haa o dañi fotoowo mawɗo e nder jaaynde ndee.[30] Kuugal maako arandewal mawngal woni nder hitaande 1936 diga ekklessiya San Agustin ngam winndugo kuuje deftere.[31]

E hitaande 1937 Álvarez fuɗɗii golle fotoowo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ngenndiwal Meksik (UNAM) to Duɗal Wiɗtooji Estetik.[8] O ƴetti fotooje ngam winndude nokkuuji arkewolosi, o yilliima nokkuuji keewɗi e nder leydi ndii.[32] Duuɓi joyi caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo departemaa fotooje to Direksiyoŋ Jeneraal Jaŋde Ekstraeskolar e Estétika, ɗo o woni ɗoo duuɓi 30 garooji ɗii.[8] O jannginii janngirɗe fotooje, o ardii golle e o yuɓɓini jeewte yah-ngartaa.[12] E oon sahaa gooto, Álvarez jokki golle mum e nder fotooje, o wonti debbo gooto tan golloowo e nder fannu oo e nder kitaale 1950 fof.[8] O fotnoo ko usineeji, gese, nokkuuji ɗo yiite ngoni, duɗe, opitaaluuji, e cuuɗi sukaaɓe e nder leydi Meksik fof ngam yahdude e binndanɗe jaayndeeji[33] e o ƴetti golle e nder fotooje jeeyngal e moodel. E nder waktuuji makko limtilimtinɗi, o waɗata ko natal sehilaaɓe e gollodiiɓe makko, kam e golle maɓɓe.[32]

Álvarez ina hollira e golle naalanke surrealist Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Juan Soriano e nder deftere mum Retrato de Lola Alvarez con Juan Soriano Niño Soriano. E nder golle Soriano ɓurɗe moƴƴude, Álvarez ina hollira wonde fotoowo oo e mbaydi reenoowo ina ndaara suka Soriano oo e dow windo mawngo ina ndaara asamaan nannduɗo e koyɗol, ɗo henndu boɗeejo e ɓuuɓndu ɓuri heewde.[34] O jarribii kadi karallaagal ko wayi no fotomontaas, nde foto gooto waawaa hollirde no haanirta nii nulal makko. E nder natal gootal, "Anarquía arquitectónica de la ciudad de México" (Anarki mahdi wuro Meksik), o fawi fotooje cuuɗi mawɗi ngam hollirde keewal yimɓe sabu urbanisaasiyoŋ.[25] E nder deftere woɗnde tiitoonde mum, El sueño de los pobres (Koyngal miskineeɓe), cukalel ɗaaniiɗo ina lelii tawa anndaaka les masiŋ keɓoowo kaalis, ko haala politik jowitiika e batte kapitaalisma e miskineeɓe. Natal asliwal ngal maa hollite caggal ɗuum e nder El sueño de los pobres 2 (Koyngal miskineeɓe 2). Álvarez maa artu e ngal ɗoon laawol e nder kitaale capanɗe tati e capanɗe joyi e nder mbaadi nate mawɗe ɗe njulaagu e juɓɓule keewɗe yamiri, ɗe puɗɗii ko e nate ceertuɗe ngam El Maestro Rural e nder kitaale capanɗe tati.[27] E hitaande 1939 o naati e suudu makko e nder galle Art Deco to Avenida Juarez kono e oon sahaa o sikkaano ko o naalanke hay so tawii ko e golle makko ɓennuɗe ɗee kala.[35]

E hitaande 1940, o haali ko fayti e keeri rewɓe e jikkuuji coktirgal hakkunde rewɓe e nder golle makko En su propia carcel (E nder kasoo makko), e mbaydiiji ina mbaɗa diidi e ɓanndu debbo, ina hollira e gite mum barmeeji kasoo. Rewɓe woɗɓe surrealist en kadi ina kaala ko fayti e ɗeen ɗoon sarɗiiji keertiiɗi e darnde rewɓe, ko wayi no Leonora Carrington, e nder golle mum Green Tea (La Dame Ovale), gila 1942, ɗo mbaadi debbo hakkundeejo wayi no reentaade e nder mbaydi jokkere enɗam.[36]. ]

E hitaande 1941, Álvarez fuɗɗii golle mum duuɓi 30, ko gardiiɗo fotooje to Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal e Binndol (INBA).[37] Álvarez waɗii koolol mum gadanol naalankaagal keeringol e hitaande 1944, to Palacio de Bellas Artes[15] e sahaa gooto o ardii Pintores Jaliscienses (Pentuɓe Jalisco), kollitaaɗo kadi to Palacio ngam ɓamtude golle naalankooɓe ummoriiɓe e oon dowla. Ndee hiirde adannde rewi heen ko yeewtereeji keewɗi solo e fedde. E hitaande 1950, o renndini garaas, o waɗti ɗum galle ina waɗi jarne seppooji. Nde udditaa e dow laabi e lewru oktoobar arooru nduu, nde wiyetee Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde).[8] Ko e nder ndeeɗoo galle e hitaande 1953, Álvarez hollitii tan kollirgol golle Frida Kahlo to Meksik yuɓɓinaaɗe

Golle hakkundeeje (1935-1971)

E nder galle María Izquierdo e hitaande 1935, sara Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal,[8][12] Álvarez fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo naalankaagal to duɗal leslesal. Galle Maria wonti nokku ɗo annduɓe, naalankooɓe, e politikaaji kawrata e tawtoreede sosde mbaydi pinal Meksik ndi cifotoo yontaaji caggal rewolison.[27] O ƴetti kadi golle e nder jaayɗe bayɗe no Avance, Espacio, Futuro, Vea, e Voz,[2] o yaawi heɓde innde wonde jaayndiyanke fotooje ganndo.[12] O tawtoraama koolol makko gadanol e nder fedde e hitaande 1935, o holliri kolaaɗe ɗiɗi Surrealist to Departemaa Naalankaagal to Guadalajara.[28][29] Oon hitaande, o ƴetti golle to Departemaa Jaŋde catal fotooje.[2][8] O hawri e Lázaro Cárdenas, e oon sahaa jaagorgal jaŋde (caggal ɗuum hooreejo leydi Meksik), e dow fenaande, o naamnaa yo o fotoo. E weltaare golle makko, Cárdenas holliri fotooje makko yimɓe woɗɓe jogiiɓe semmbe, ɗum addani mo heɓde ballal e El Maestro Rural (Jannginoowo Ladde), jaaynde jannginoowo mawnde wonande sukaaɓe jannginooɓe.[2][30] Gollaade laawol makko dow laylaytol, o wonti fotoowo golloowo to El Maestro Rural[12], haa o dañi fotoowo mawɗo e nder jaaynde ndee.[30] Kuugal maako arandewal mawngal woni nder hitaande 1936 diga ekklessiya San Agustin ngam winndugo kuuje deftere.[31]

E hitaande 1937 Álvarez fuɗɗii golle fotoowo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ngenndiwal Meksik (UNAM) to Duɗal Wiɗtooji Estetik.[8] O ƴetti fotooje ngam winndude nokkuuji arkewolosi, o yilliima nokkuuji keewɗi e nder leydi ndii.[32] Duuɓi joyi caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo departemaa fotooje to Direksiyoŋ Jeneraal Jaŋde Ekstraeskolar e Estétika, ɗo o woni ɗoo duuɓi 30 garooji ɗii.[8] O jannginii janngirɗe fotooje, o ardii golle e o yuɓɓini jeewte yah-ngartaa.[12] E oon sahaa gooto, Álvarez jokki golle mum e nder fotooje, o wonti debbo gooto tan golloowo e nder fannu oo e nder kitaale 1950 fof.[8] O fotnoo ko usineeji, gese, nokkuuji ɗo yiite ngoni, duɗe, opitaaluuji, e cuuɗi sukaaɓe e nder leydi Meksik fof ngam yahdude e binndanɗe jaayndeeji[33] e o ƴetti golle e nder fotooje jeeyngal e moodel. E nder waktuuji makko limtilimtinɗi, o waɗata ko natal sehilaaɓe e gollodiiɓe makko, kam e golle maɓɓe.[32]

Álvarez ina hollira e golle naalanke surrealist Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Juan Soriano e nder deftere mum Retrato de Lola Alvarez con Juan Soriano Niño Soriano. E nder golle Soriano ɓurɗe moƴƴude, Álvarez ina hollira wonde fotoowo oo e mbaydi reenoowo ina ndaara suka Soriano oo e dow windo mawngo ina ndaara asamaan nannduɗo e koyɗol, ɗo henndu boɗeejo e ɓuuɓndu ɓuri heewde.[34] O jarribii kadi karallaagal ko wayi no fotomontaas, nde foto gooto waawaa hollirde no haanirta nii nulal makko. E nder natal gootal, "Anarquía arquitectónica de la ciudad de México" (Anarki mahdi wuro Meksik), o fawi fotooje cuuɗi mawɗi ngam hollirde keewal yimɓe sabu urbanisaasiyoŋ.[25] E nder deftere woɗnde tiitoonde mum, El sueño de los pobres (Koyngal miskineeɓe), cukalel ɗaaniiɗo ina lelii tawa anndaaka les masiŋ keɓoowo kaalis, ko haala politik jowitiika e batte kapitaalisma e miskineeɓe. Natal asliwal ngal maa hollite caggal ɗuum e nder El sueño de los pobres 2 (Koyngal miskineeɓe 2). Álvarez maa artu e ngal ɗoon laawol e nder kitaale capanɗe tati e capanɗe joyi e nder mbaadi nate mawɗe ɗe njulaagu e juɓɓule keewɗe yamiri, ɗe puɗɗii ko e nate ceertuɗe ngam El Maestro Rural e nder kitaale capanɗe tati.[27] E hitaande 1939 o naati e suudu makko e nder galle Art Deco to Avenida Juarez kono e oon sahaa o sikkaano ko o naalanke hay so tawii ko e golle makko ɓennuɗe ɗee kala.[35]

E hitaande 1940, o haali ko fayti e keeri rewɓe e jikkuuji coktirgal hakkunde rewɓe e nder golle makko En su propia carcel (E nder kasoo makko), e mbaydiiji ina mbaɗa diidi e ɓanndu debbo, ina hollira e gite mum barmeeji kasoo. Rewɓe woɗɓe surrealist en kadi ina kaala ko fayti e ɗeen ɗoon sarɗiiji keertiiɗi e darnde rewɓe, ko wayi no Leonora Carrington, e nder golle mum Green Tea (La Dame Ovale), gila 1942, ɗo mbaadi debbo hakkundeejo wayi no reentaade e nder mbaydi jokkere enɗam.[36]. ]

E hitaande 1941, Álvarez fuɗɗii golle mum duuɓi 30, ko gardiiɗo fotooje to Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal e Binndol (INBA).[37] Álvarez waɗii koolol mum gadanol naalankaagal keeringol e hitaande 1944, to Palacio de Bellas Artes[15] e sahaa gooto o ardii Pintores Jaliscienses (Pentuɓe Jalisco), kollitaaɗo kadi to Palacio ngam ɓamtude golle naalankooɓe ummoriiɓe e oon dowla. Ndee hiirde adannde rewi heen ko yeewtereeji keewɗi solo e fedde. E hitaande 1950, o renndini garaas, o waɗti ɗum galle ina waɗi jarne seppooji. Nde udditaa e dow laabi e lewru oktoobar arooru nduu, nde wiyetee Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde).[8] Ko e nder ndeeɗoo galle e hitaande 1953, Álvarez hollitii tan kollirgol golle Frida Kahlo to Meksik yuɓɓinaaɗe w

Caggal golle makko (1971-1992)

Caggal nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1971 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngenndiwal,[8] Álvarez jokki e ƴettude fotooje haa o wumti e duuɓi 79 e hitaande 1986.[8][43] Koolol ngol e hitaande 1965 ko ngol woni go’o ko hollirde golle Álvarez haa e cakkital kitaale 1970, nde ministeer jaŋde ɓadtii mo ngam sosde koolol, o neldi mo to suudu niɓɓiɗndu, ɗo o fuɗɗii yuɓɓinde defte makko.[40] E hitaande 1979, yeewtere adannde e golle makko yuɓɓinaama[8] to wuro Meksik to Alianza Francesa de Polanco.[28] Gila e kitaale 1980, o fuɗɗii anndeede e nder winndere ndee kala e kollirɗe keewɗe kollitooje nafoore hesere e golle makko.[29] E hitaande 1982, o yaltinii defte ɗiɗi ɗe o hawri e fotooje makko, hono Escritores y Artistas de Mexico, jowitiiɗe e natal makko e Recuento fotográfico, woni deftere binndaande.[8]

Suudu Álvarez to Colonia Tabacalera, ɗo o hoɗi gila 1939, yani e yerɓo leydi to Meksik e hitaande 1985, o dogi o ummii e geɗe seeɗa.[40] E nder ustaare cellal, o yalti suudu makko e juuɗe koɗo makko, hono Clementina Rivera Vallejo, o hoɗi e ɓiyiiko.[41] E hitaande 1991, koolol yuɓɓinaangol to Dallas, Texas, ngol Fedde Sehilaaɓe Pinal Meksik yuɓɓini, hollitii nate Álvarez ɗe o waɗi e Kahlo, ɓeydi heen weltaare makko e nder winndere nde, nde o yahrata e gure goɗɗe ko wayi no Albuquerque, New Mexico, e Washington, D.C. The Fundación Cultural Televisa mawninii duuɓi 50 e golle mum e nder fotooje e hitaande 1992, o yuɓɓini hiirde to wuro Meksik ngam ƴellitde njillu makko.[8][28] O waɗii haala e nder nguurndam makko ko fayti e no o yi’rata ndonu makko: "So fotooje am ina njogii maanaa, ko ɗe ndaranii Meksik mo meeɗiino woodde".[44] Hay so tawii o seerti e gorko makko, o yetti mo sabu golle makko, o noddi mo "sosɗo fotooje jamaanu to Meksik."[45] O felliti kadi wonde omo jogii jom suudu makko ɓooyɗo "ñamaande tago".[45]

Maayde e ndonu

Álvarez maayi ko ñalnde 31 sulyee 1993[8] to wuro Meksik. O wasiyiima defterdu makko to nokku toppitiiɗo fotooji (CCP) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Arizona to Tucson, Arizona.[43] Teemedde fotooje keɓaama e Centre e hitaande 1994, ko Olivier Debroise yuɓɓini ɗum. Koolol yah-ngartaa, Lola Alvarez Bravo: E nder annoore mum e bayyinaango innde wootere fuɗɗiima.[46] Ɓiɗɗo Álvarez biyeteeɗo Manuel jokki e ɓeydude e ko moofti koo[43] e hitaande 1996 ko ina tolnoo e 200 fotooje kaalis gelatin e negatifuuji ɓeydaa heen.[47] E hitaande 2007, fotooje ɓeydaaɗe njiytaa to wuro Meksik, nde sehil makko gooto soodnooɗo suudu ɓooyndu Álvarez yiyti keesuuji keewɗi natal Álvarez, jom suudu mum, kam e golle almuɓɓe mum. E wiyde James Oles, karallo ko faati e naalankaagal Amerik Latin, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wellesley, kaɓirgal kesal ngal rokkii "en tiitooɗe e ñalɗi asliiji ɗi mbayli no feewi maanaa e firo" yoga e golle Álvarez.[48][49] Nate ɗee ɓeydaama e defterdu Centre nduu, kollirɗe keewɗe ndewi heen, ina jeyaa heen kollirgol Lola Álvarez Bravo e Fotooje jamaanu, kollitooje ɓeydagol ngol e hitaande 2013.[48]

E hitaande 1953, nde jaayndiyanke gooto ummoriiɗo Excélsior naamndii mo ngam anndude pentoowo ɓurɗo teeŋtude e Meksik, pentoowo Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Alfonso Michel jaabii, "Lola Álvarez Bravo", sabu "kompoññeeji makko ko ɗi debbo ganndo no yiyrata huunde ndee e hoore mum".[50]. ] E yejjiteede e nate bayɗe no David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, e Diego Rivera, Michel waɗti karallaagal Álvarez e binndol e natal tiiɗngal e nder ngonka naalankaagal, o ƴetti fotooje makko haa o yahri no pentol nii, o yetti karallaagal makko tawa o ƴeewaani jinnaaɗo makko.[50] Álvarez ina jogii natal e nder defte duumiiɗe e nder galleeji keewɗi ina jeyaa heen galleeji ñeeñal, Houston, e galleeji ñeeñal hannde to wuro New York.[51]

Golle cuɓaaɗe

Golle Alvarez maantinɗe e hitaande 1946, Entierro de Yalalag (Wurngo e Yalalag) naatii e koolol biyeteengol « Galle neɗɗo » to wuro New York, caggal ɗuum o yilliima leyɗeele 37

Álvarez huutoriima tan filmo ɓaleejo e boɗeejo ngam natal mum, wonaa fotooje colour, ngam newnude ƴellitaare timmunde hakkunde mbaydiiji monokrom. Nokku oo yahdaani e mbaadi binndol makko.[27] Ko o jaayndiyanke foto, Álvarez ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e peeñcu laaɓtuɗo, yiɗde rokkude maanaa renndo, tawa o duppitaani golle fotooje goɗɗe. Yeru, e nder gollal gootal ɗo o yahi Papantla, to Veracruz, ngam ƴettude Danza de los Voladores, o yejjitii jimɗi ɗi woɗɓe ƴetti, o ƴetti fotooje hijjooɓe arooɓe tawtoreede juulde ndee, naatgol dingiral e dow ŋoral ceniingal, e sadak daabaaji.[54] Woɗɗude hakkunde makko e haala kaa ina nanngi ɓe no feewi e mbaadi nanndundi e humpito maɓɓe tawa ɓe ñaawataa.[27] Ko ɓuri welde e makko ko reenaade "kabaruuji", e mbaydi winndude ko taarii mo e nder daartol mum en.[55] E nder golle makko yeeynorɗe, Álvarez huutoriima karallaagal chiaroscuro ngam teeŋtinde geɗe geɗe ɗee, hono no ɗe pentirɗe nguurndam nii.[56] Gila 1936, o feewni fotomontaas, sahaa fof omo huutoroo fotooje makko ngam waɗde kompoññe, wonaa natal ummoraade e golle woɗɓe bayyinaaɗe. Heewɓe e fotomontaaji ɗi o waɗi caggal ɗuum ko postooji.[27] E nder oon sahaa o sosi foto-kolaas, Sirenas del aire (Sirens de l’Air), ɗo sirinuuji ɗiɗi njirlotoo e weeyo, jokkondirɗi e masiŋ binndol, ɗi ɗiɗo fof ina memoo.[57]

Heewɓe e golle Álvarez ɗee ndenndinaama e tiitooɗe keertiiɗe, ɗe o artiri e mum en sahaa e sahaa fof. Eɗe mbaɗi heen wakilaaji rewɓe ɓiɓɓe leydi e remooɓe, yummiraaɓe, sukaaɓe, rewɓe wonɓe e renndooji ceertuɗi kam e rewɓe wonɓe e tawtoreede avant-garde e nder muralism Meksik e dille renaissance intellectuelle e nder yontaaji hakkunde wolde.[58] Gaa gaa natal sehil makko biyeteeɗo Frida Kahlo, mo o anndiraa e nder winndere ndee caggal nde o woni e golle makko,[51] ina waɗi natal naalankooɓe, ko wayi no Lilia Carrillo, Olga Kosta, Marion Greenwood, Mariya Izquierdo, Alice Rahon, e Cordelia Urueta ; reennooɓe pinal, ina jeyaa heen Pita Amor, Anita Brenner, e Judit Martínez Ortega ; e winndooɓe, ko wayi no Rosariyo Kastelanos, e Elena Poniatowska.[59] O tagi kadi nate ɓutte, ɗe keertiiɗe e hollirde rewɓe ko wayi no "alegorías de la condición feminine en el contexto de la sociedad patriarcal mexicana (allegories ngonka debbo e nder ngonka renndo patriarchal Meksik)".[58]. ] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen natal makko ɓoornungal, hono jimoowo biyeteeɗo Maudelle Bass,[60] e naalanke biyeteeɗo Julia López, mo reedu mum heewi. Fotooɓe makko worɓe hannde ɓee, nde ɓe njiylotoo yumma, ɓe nanngi ko ɓuri heewde e natal galleeji.[61] Fotooje makko e mbeddaaji ina njokki e nguurndam yimɓe ñalnde kala nde o tiiɗnii ngam hollirde ŋarɗugol, kam e mette, e irooji ngonka aadee.[21][51] Golle makko ina kollita sahaa gooto, tawa kadi alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa maande walla maanaa leslesɗo kono ko laawol reende sahaa e nder nguurndam.[62]

Fotooji Álvarez ɗii ɓuri teeŋtude ko e winndude Meksik e yimɓe mum e nder nguurndam mum, tawa ina jogii miijo neɗɗankaagal. Nate makko ina kollita ƴellitaare leydi ndii nde waɗi caggal nde Meksik wayli, kam e batte karallaagal teeminannde 20ɓiire.[11][63] O yiɗaano ƴettude fotooji e nder suudu, kono omo yahra e kamera makko, omo yiyloo sahaaji mettuɗi e jimɗi nannguɗi, ɗi kollirta leydi, yimɓe e aadaaji Meksik.[64] Ko ɓuri heewde e fotooje makko rewɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi, ko wayi no Un descanso, llanto e indiferencia (Fooɗde, woyde e waasde faamde), gila 1940, kollitooje huutoraade e tampere keeriinde e nder haala mum, [65] walla El sueño de los pobres 2 (The Koyngal Miskineeɓe, 2), ɗo suka gorko ina lelii ina ɗaanii e nder mooɓondiral paɗe. Álvarez teskiima wonde ko alɗuɓe tan mbaawi hoyɗude ñamri, no sukaaɓe, miskineeɓe Meksiknaaɓe hoyɗirta tan ko jogaade paɗe.[10] Heewɓe e golle makko ina njiyloo jokkondire hakkunde annoore e mbaydi, ɗe o huutorii laabi keewɗi ngam waɗde heen nate e nder golle makko. E nder "Unos suben y otros bajan" (Won heen ina njaha dow, woɗɓe ina njaha les), o huutoriima feere ngam hollirde mbaadiiji mekanik.[12] E nder golle makko e hitaande 1950 "En su propia cárcel" (E nder kasoo makko), o huutoriima ɗowdiiji gonɗi e ŋoral ngam waɗde heen nate kasoo, o nanngi suka debbo gonɗo e ŋoral windo.[66] E nder "Tríptico del martirio" (Triptique de la Martyrme, 1949),[12], fotooje jommbaajo,[48], e fotooje ɗe ngalaa tiitoonde, ɗe neɗɗo daraniiɗo hakkeeji gaynaako en, ɓoorniiɗo wutteeji (1982), Álvarez huutoriima pijirlooji annoore e ɗoyngol ngam hollirde tension erotique,[12] kam e critique renndo e suuɗde jeese e nder niɓɓere.[48]

Lola Alvarez Bravo woni kalfinaaɗo ƴettude natal ngal ina wiyee La Visitacion e hitaande 1954.[6].

Teskorɗe

^ Elizabeth Ferrer, winndiyanke nguurndam Álvarez, hollitii wonde ciimtol keewngol ina rokka ñalnde 3 abriil 1907 wonde ñalngu jibinannde Álvarez,[3] kono o hollitii wonde binndanɗe defte makko ina kollita wonde o jibinaa ko e hitaande 1903.[4] Woɗɓe ina kollita ñalngu ngu o jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1903,[1] walla 1 abriil 1907.[5] Jibnaaɓe makko resndaa e hitaande 1901[6] e seedantaagal maayde makko hollitii o jibinaa ko e hitaande 1907.[7]

^ Nate cukaagu makko ina luurdi e won e lowre ina hollita wonde yumma makko maayi ko nde Álvarez ina yahra e duuɓi tati[2] e woɗɓe ina ndokka maayde yumma makko waɗnde e hitaande 1910.[8] Ferrer teskiima luural e nder defte taariindi Álvarez, o teskiima ina gasa tawa ko jibnaaɓe ɓee ceerti.[4] Arsiif Álvarez to nokku fotooji peeñɗi to Tucson, ina waɗi telegaraam ummoraade e Sara de Anda feewde e Álvarez e jom suudu mum e hitaande 1926, ina waɗi ciimtol maayde makko adannde ina gasa tawa ina gasa.[6]

^ Natal luural e won e lowre hollirnde wonde Ruth, ɓiɗɗo Diego Rivera, addiino wutte e noppi ngam Kahlo ɓoornoo e leeso mum maayde sabu denndaangal jeewte Frida ngujjaama.[81]

Tuugnorgal

Ciimtol

^ Juppude haa: a b Ramires Zapatero 2016, p. 2.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g h i j Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 1.

^ Feere 2006, h. 162.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d Ferrer 2006, p. 6.

^ Dueñas 2016.

^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise 1994, p. 5.

^ "Kuulal gollal" 1993.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f h i j k l m n o p q r s Whitelegg 2006.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e Ferrer 2006, p. 43.

^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 32.

^ Juppu haa: a b c d e f Fernandez e Santakruz 2013, pp. 22-23.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g h i j k l Maynard 1996, p. 29.

^ Hooks 2002, hello 11, 18.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f Sills 2000, p. 33.

^ Jump to: a b c d Musium ngenndiijo rewɓe e nder naalankaagal 2012.

^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise 1994, p. 2.

^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 7.

^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 156.

^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 17.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 157.

^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 162.

^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 174.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 163.

^ Debroise e Oles 1994, pp. 23, 25.

^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 34.

^ Hooks 2002, h. 22.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 25.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa aba ac ad ae Fooyre Suisse ngam fotooje 2013.

^ Juppu haa: a b c d Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde 2012.

^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 14.

^ Feere 2006, h. 17.

^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 36.

^ Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 2.

^ Segre 2005, hello 39-65.

^ Feere 2006, h. 21.

^ E nder leydi kaawis: Ko njilluuji surrealist en rewɓe naalankooɓe to Meksik e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. p. 75.

^ Feere 2006, h. 20.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 185.

^ Feere 2006, h. 50.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 29.

^ Juppu haa: a b Akosta 2011.

^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 52.

^ Juppu haa: a b c Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 3.

^ Sills hitaande 2000, h. 31.

^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 46.

^ Debroise 1994, p. 4.

^ Jump up to: a b Catal fotooji 2010.

^ Juppu haa: a b c d Gonzalez 2013.

^ Gigena hitaande 2017.

^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 11.

^ Juppu haa: a b c d Fooyre 2006.

^ Biro, OV Dijital (2 abriil 2023). "3 abriil: Siftorde Lola Álvarez Bravo e ñalngu nguu". Daande ƴeewoowo. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 2 abriil 2023.

^ "Nguurndam 117 hitaande Lola Alvarez Bravo". www.google.com. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 2 abriil 2023.

^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 21.

^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 27.

^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 23.

^ E nder leydi kaawis: Ko njilluuji surrealist en rewɓe naalankooɓe to Meksik e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. p. 73.

^ Juppu haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, pp. 164-165.

^ Mirkin 2008, pp. 184-185.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 186.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 177.

^ Feere 2006, h. 59.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 161.

^ Sills 2000, hello 31-34.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 170.

^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 187.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Oses, Lukas (2017). "FOTÓGRAFAS MEXICANAS: IMÁGENES DE DISIDENSIA Y EMPODERAMIENTO/FOTOOJI REWƁE MEKSIKAN: NATAL CEERDE E DOOLE". Espaasiyo, wakkati e mbaadi. 5: 333-352. 1973902677 – rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande.

^ Kortina, Rejina (1995). Meksik: Naalanke oo ko Debbo. Providence, RI: Kaayitaaji sahaa e sahaa fof. p. 7.

^ MIRKIN, DINA KOMISAARENKO. "WAKILIIJO ƊEMNGAL REWƁE E TINA MODOTTI E LOLA ÁLVAREZ BRAVO". Revista janndeeji mawɗi. La Ventana. 3: 174 – rewrude e EBSCO.

^ "Lola Alvares Bravo". Catal fotooji peeñɗi. 15 Noowammbar 2019. Ƴeewtaa ko 9 Abriil 2021.

^ Joomiraawo Osés 2017, p. 343.

^ Musium ngenndiijo rewɓe e nder naalankaagal 2018.

^ Hooks 2002, h. 18.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Grimberg 1991, p. 7.

^ Hooks 2002, hello 22-23.

^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 39.

^ Hooks 2002, h. 23.

^ Girimbeg 1991, p. 22.

^ Juppude haa: a b Grimberg 1991, p. 60.

^ Hooks 2002, h. 25.

^ Girimbeg 1991, p. 62.

^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 49.

^ Puerto 1996, h. 96.

^ Raayit-Riyos 201