Islannda

Islannda ko leydi duunde Nordik hakkunde maayo worgo Atlantik e Arktik, e dow ŋorol hakkundeewol Atlantik hakkunde Amerik worgo e Yuroopu. Nde jokkondiri e Yuroopu to bannge pinal e politik, ko nde leydi ɓurndi famɗude yimɓe e nder diiwaan hee.[12] Laamorde mayre e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Reykjavík, ko ina tolnoo e 36% e hoɗɓe e leydi ndii fotde 380 000 hoɗɓe. Ɗemngal kuuɓtodinngal leydi ndii ko Islande.

Islannda

island country, jeetaare leydi, leydi

Yemre	European Economic Area, Northern Europe, Nordic countries
Golle imaaɗe	17 Korse 1944
Lesdinkeejum	Ísland
Mutiɗa innde	🇮🇸
IPA transcription	ɪˈslan⁽ʲ⁾dʲɪjə, ɪˈslanʲdʲɪjə
Named after	ice
Demonym	Icelandic
Ɗemngal ngal sarwiisiiji leydi fu njoni haalude	Icelandic
Doondo leydi	Lofsöngur
Tagu	culture of Iceland
Jammoore leydi	Inspired by Iceland
Duungal	Yuroopu
Lesdi	Islannda
Laamorde	Reykjavík
Hiiri-weeti pelle	UTC±00:00
Annditirɗum	Scandinavia
Jonde kwa'odineto	65°0′0″N 19°0′0″W
Kwa'odineto lettugal	64°35′45″N 13°16′30″W
Soɓɓire	67°7′48″N 18°40′48″W
Horɗoore	63°23′39″N 18°44′7″W
Gorgal	65°30′11″N 24°32′0″W
Towendi	Hvannadalshnúkur
Hoɓade	Atalantika
Laamu sarti celluɗo	parliamentary republic
Birrol parti politikki	President of Iceland
Arɗiiɗo lesdi	Halla Tómasdóttir
Office held by head of government	Prime Minister of Iceland
Hooreejo leydi	Bjarni Benediktsson
Laamu battaa en	Government of Iceland
Laamu depitee en	Althing
Highest judicial authority	Supreme Court of Iceland
Central bank	Central Bank of Iceland
Cede	Icelandic króna
Shares border with	no value, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Svalbard
Driving side	right
Electrical plug type	Europlug, Schuko
Follows	Kingdom of Iceland
Ɗemngal ngal sarwisiji leydi fu njoni haalude	Icelandic, Icelandic Sign Language
Laawol ngol laamu anndani	http://www.iceland.is/
Hashtag	Iceland
Golle gofernema	.is
Deesewal	Flag of Iceland
Coat of arms	Coat of arms of Iceland
Joogarafii	geography of Iceland
Has characteristic	free country
Taariki	history of Iceland
Diina laamu anndani	Lutheranism
Taxon found at location	Vulpes lagopus
Open data portal	Open Data Portal Iceland
Ndesa	economy of Iceland
Annaji Aljeri	demographics of Iceland
Mobile country code	274
Country calling code	+354
Trunk prefix	no value
Emergency phone number	112
GS1 country code	569
Licence plate code	IS
Maritime identification digits	251
Unicode character	🇮🇸
Category for the view of the item	Category:Views of Iceland from sea
Category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of Iceland

E nder ŋorol hakkunde ŋorol tektonik, golle leydi Islande ina mbaɗi geyseruuji e ɓuuɓol keewngol.[13][14] Nder mum ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko gese ceene e laana ndiwoowa, koɗli, e ɓulli, e maayooji ɓulli keewɗi ina njillondiri e maayo rewrude e nokkuuji lesɗi. Islande ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Golf, ina jogii weeyo ɓuuɓngo, hay so tawii noon ko latitude to fuɗnaange-rewo cirkel Arktik. Latitude mum toownde e batte mum e nder maayo ina addana ndunngu nguu ɓuuɓde, ko ɓuri heewde e duuɗe mum ina njogii weeyo ɓuuɓngo.

E wiyde binndol ɓooyngol ngol Landnámabók, koɗki Islande fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 874 caggal iisa nde laamɗo Norwees biyeteeɗo Ingólfr Arnarson wonti koɗdiiɗo gadano duumotooɗo e duunde ndee.[15] E nder teeminanɗe garooje ɗee, Norweesnaaɓe, e ko famɗi fof Skandinaavinaaɓe woɗɓe, ngummii Islande, ngaddi thralls (ɗum woni maccuɓe walla serfs) iwdi Gael.

Duunde ndee laaminoo ko no dental keeriiɗo e les njiimaandi parlemaa jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii, hono Althing, gooto e depiteeji ɓurɗi ɓooyde e winndere ndee. Caggal yonta hareeji nder leydi, Islande naati e laamu Norwees e teeminannde 13ɓiire. E hitaande 1397, Islande rewi e naatgol Norwees e nder Dental Kalmar wondude e laamlaamuuji Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Suwed, ɓe ngari e les njiimaandi Danemark de facto caggal nde ɓe ndartini e hitaande 1523. Laamu Danemark naatni Lutheranism e doole e hitaande 1550,[16] e Islande woni e dow laawol to Danemark e hitaande 1814 e nanondiral Kiel.

E nder ballal miijooji ngenndiyaŋkaagal caggal Rewolison Farayse, hare Islande ngam heɓde ndimaagu mum ƴetti mbaadi, ɗum joofniri ko e sariya Dental Danemark-Island e hitaande 1918, e sosde Laamu Islande, renndinde e nder dental hoore mum laamɗo Denmark jooni oo. E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Islande suɓiima no feewi ngam wontude republique e hitaande 1944, ɗum noon joofniri jokkondiral gonngal hakkunde mum e Dental Dowlaaji Amerik. Hay so tawii Althing dartinaama tuggi 1799 haa 1845, republique duunde ndee ina jogii heen miijo jogaade gooto e parlemaaji ɓurɗi juutde e winndere ndee.

Haa teeminannde 20ɓiire, Islande ɓuri tuugnaade ko e liɗɗi e ndema. Industrialisation liɗɗi e ballal Marshall Plan caggal wolde adunaare ɗimmere addi jawdi, Islande wonti gooto e leyɗeele ɓurɗe alɗude e ƴellitaade e nder winndere nde. Ndi jeyaa ko e nokku faggudu Yuroopu e hitaande 1994 ; ɗum ɓeydii feewnude faggudu nduu e fannuuji ko wayi no kaalis, karallaagal nguurndam, e peewnugol.

Islande ina jogii faggudu luumo, tawi njoɓdi mum ina famɗi no feewi, so yerondiraama e leyɗeele goɗɗe OCDE,[17] kam e leydi ɓurndi heewde terɗe senndikaaji e nder winndere ndee.[18] Ina joginoo njuɓɓudi wellitaare renndo Nordik, ndi rokkata ɓiɓɓe leydi ndi cellal e jaŋde toownde.[19] Islande ina jogii darnde mawnde e nder nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e golle ngenndiije, ko wayi no nguurndam, jaŋde, reende ndimaagu siwil, laaɓal laamu, e ndimaagu faggudu. Islande ina jogii yimɓe ɓurɓe famɗude e kala tergal OTAN, ko kañum tan alaa konu dariiɗo, ina jogii tan konu nguu ina jogii kaɓirɗe seeɗa.[20]

Etimoloji

Norsemen jippiiɗo e Islande – ko Oscar Wergeland holliri e teeminannde 19th

Sagaaji Islanndanaaɓe ina mbiya wonde Norweesnaajo gooto ina wiyee Naddodd (walla Naddador) woni Norweesnaajo gadiiɗo yettaade Islande ; e teeminannde jeenayaɓere, o inniri nde Snæland walla « leydi nees » sabu ko ɗoon nees woni. Caggal Naddodd, Suwednaajo biyeteeɗo Garðar Svavarsson ari, ko ɗuum waɗi duunde ndee inniraa ndeen Garðarshólmur, ɗum firti ko «Duunde Garðar».[21]

Ndeen arii wiyeteeɗo wiyeteeɗo Flóki Vilgerðarson; ɓiyiiko debbo yani e laawol, ndeen jawdi makko maayi e heege. Sagaaji ɗii mbiyi wonde Flóki mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa ŋakkere ndee, ƴetti koɗorɗe, yiyi fjord (Arnarfjörður) keewɗo ƴiye, ɗum addani mo rokkude duunde ndee innde mum hesere, jooni ndee.[22] Miijo wonde koɗdiiɗo Viking en to Islande cuɓiima ndeen innde ngam haɗde koɗki e duunde mum en verdannde ko huunde nde wonaa goonga.[22]

Tariya

874-1262: koɗki e Dental

Ingólfr Arnarson (eslannda hannde: Ingólfur Arnarson), ko kañum woni gadano jooɗiiɗo e Skandinaavi haa abada.

E wiyde Landnámabók e Íslendingabók fof, rewɓe anndiraaɓe Papar ina nguurnoo e Islande hade koɗdiiɗo Skandinaavi arde, ina gasa tawa ko terɗe fedde Hiberno-Ecosse. Ko ɓooyaani koo, wiɗtooji arkewolosi kollitii wonde ko ɓuuɓri galle gooto to Hafnir to duunde Reykjanes. Date karbon hollitii wonde nde woppitaa won e sahaaji hakkunde 770 e 880.[23] E hitaande 2016, annduɓe arkewolosi njiyti galle juutɗo to Stöðvarfjörður mo nganndu-ɗaa ko ina wona duuɓi 800.[24]

Garðar Svavarsson, wiyoowo Viking mo Suwed, woni gadiiɗo taartude leydi Islande e hitaande 870, o holliti wonde ko duunde.[25] O wonii e ndunngu, o mahi galle to Húsavík. Garðar ummii e ndunngu arooru nduu, kono gooto e yimɓe makko, hono Náttfari, felliti jokkude caggal e maccuɓe ɗiɗo. Náttfari hoɗi ko e nokku biyeteeɗo hannde Náttfaravík, kanko e maccuɓe makko ɓe ngoni ko adii fof ko hoɗɓe e leydi Islande haa abada, ɓe mbinnditaa.[26][27]

Laamɗo Norwees-Norse biyeteeɗo Ingólfr Arnarson mahii galle mum to Reykjavík hannde oo e hitaande 874. Ingólfr rewi heen ko hoɗɓe heewɓe woɗɓe, ko ɓuri heewde heen ko Skandinaavi en e maccuɓe mum en, heewɓe heen ko Irlanndanaaɓe walla Ecoppinaaɓe.[28] E hitaande 930, ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema e nder duunde ndee, ko ko ƴaañii ; the Althing, woni dental sariya e ñaawoore fuɗɗii ngam yuɓɓinde Dental Islande. Sokla leydi ndema kadi waɗii doole koɗki Greenland fuɗɗoraade e hitaande 986.[29] Wakkati ɗii ɗoo koɗkiiji puɗɗiiɗi hawri ko e sahaa nguleeki hakkundeejo, nde nguleeki nanndi e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire.[30] E oon sahaa fotde 25% e leydi Islande ina waɗi ladde, so yerondiraama e 1% hannde.[31] Kerecee’en njaɓaama e nanondiral hedde hitaande 999–1000, hay so tawii noon paganism Norse ina jokki e nder feccere e yimɓe ɓee duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum.[32]

Duuɓi hakkundeeji

Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Islande duumii haa e teeminannde 13ɓiire nde njuɓɓudi politik ndi koɗdiiɗo asliijo oo ƴetti ndii holliri wonde waawaano haɓaade ɓeydagol doole laamɓe Islande.[33] Hareeji nder leydi e fitinaaji hakkunde yimɓe e jamaanu Sturlung en ngaddi siynude nanondiral ɓooyngal e hitaande 1262, ngal joofni Commonwealth, ngal addani Islande les laamu Norwees. Jeyi leydi Islande ummorii ko e Laamu Norwees (872–1397) fayde e Dental Kalmar e hitaande 1415, nde laamlaamu Norwees, Danemark e Suwed kawri. Caggal nde dental ngal feccii e hitaande 1523, ngal woni ko e njiimaandi Norwees, e nder Dental Dowlaaji Amerik–Norwees.

Leydi ndi ɓuuɓnataa, ɓuuɓol, ɓuuɓgol laddeeji, e weeyo ngo yaafataa, waɗi nguurndam tiiɗam e nder renndo ngo nguurndam fawii ko e ndema. Maayde ɓaleere ndee yani e leydi Islande laabi ɗiɗi, gadano oo e hitaande 1402-1404, kadi e hitaande 1494-1495.[34] Feccere adannde ndee warii 50% haa 60% e yimɓe leydi ndii, ɗiɗmere ndee warii 30% haa 50%.[35]

Reformaasiyoŋ e jamaanu keso

Ósvör, a replica of an old fishing outpost outside Bolungarvík

Hedde cakkital teeminannde 16ɓiire, e nder mbayliigu Protestan en, laamɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik biyeteeɗo Christian III fuɗɗii fawde diine Lutheran e dow yimɓe mum fof. Jón Arason, bismaango katolik cakkitiiɗo to Hólar, taƴaa hoore mum ko e hitaande 1550 wondude e ɓiɓɓe mum ɗiɗo. Leydi ndii caggal ɗuum wonti diine Lutheran e dow laabi, gila ndeen Lutheran ina heddii e diine ɓurɗo mawnude.

Kartal leydi Islande ngal Gerardus Mercator yaltini e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 17th

E teeminannde 17ɓiire e 18ɓiire, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik fawi kuule tiiɗɗe ngam haɗde Islande njulaagu. Musibbaaji tago, haa arti noon e ɓuuɓol e ñawuuji, addani yimɓe ustaade. E nder ndunngu 1627, Barbary Pirates mbaɗii kewuuji ganndiraaɗi e nokku hee « Abductions Turkies » , tawi teemedde hoɗɓe e Afrik worgo mbaɗtaa e maccungaagu, teemedde ujunnaaje mbaraama ; ko ɗum tan woni wolde e nder daartol Islande nde waɗi maayɓe.[36][37] Ñawu nguu e hitaande 1707–08 ina hiisa wonde ñawu nguu warii feccere haa tataɓal yimɓe leydi ndii.[38][39] E hitaande 1783, wulnde Laki yani, waɗi batte bonɗe.[40] E nder duuɓi garooji caggal nde ɓuuɓol ngol yani, anndiraango « Caɗeele ɓuuɓɗe » (e ɗemngal Islande: Móðuharðindin), ko ina ɓura feccere e jawdi leydi ndii fof maayi. Hedde feccere e yimɓe ɓee maayi e heege e nder heege ngo.[4]

Joografi

Kartal topografi kuuɓtodinngal

Islande woni ko e nokku ɗo geec Atlantik worgo e geec Arktik kawri. Duunde mawnde ndee fof woni ko e fuɗnaange cirko Arktik, nde rewata ko e duunde tokosere Islande wiyeteende Grímsey, to bannge worgo duunde mawnde ndee. Leydi ndii ina woni hakkunde latitude 63 e 68°N, e njuuteendi 25 e 13°W.

Islande ɓuri ɓadaade duunde Orop, ɓuri ɓadaade leydi Amerik worgo, hay so tawii noon ko kañum ɓuri ɓadaade Greenland (290 kiloomeeteer; 155 miil maayo), duunde Amerik worgo. Islande ina heewi naatde e Orop ngam dalillaaji geɗe leydi, daartol, politik, pinal, ɗemngal e golle.[62][63][64][65] To bannge geɗe leydi, duunde ndee ina waɗi geɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Geɗe leydi ɓurɗe ɓadaade Orop ko duuɗe Faroe (420 km; 225 nmi) ; Duunde Jan Mayen (570 km; 310 nmi); Shetland e Hebriid yaajɗo, ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ko hedde 740 km (400 nmi) ; e leydi Ecoppi e Orkney, ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ko hedde 750 km (405 nmi). Feccere ɓurnde ɓadaade Duunde Orop ko leydi Norwees, fotde 970 km (525 nmi), leydi Amerik worgo ndi woni ko e 2 070 km (1 120 nmi), to bannge worgo Labrador.

Leyɗeele tati tippudi Islande

Islande woni duunde 18ɓiire ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee, kadi ko duunde ɗiɗmere ɓurnde mawnude e Orop caggal Angalteer e hade Irlannda. Duunde mawnde ndee ina waɗi 101 826 km2 (39 315 miil2), kono leydi ndii fof ko 103 000 km2 (40 000 miil2), heen 62,7% ko tundra. Islande ina waɗi fotde 30 duunde tokosere, ina heen Grímsey mo yimɓe mum keewaani, e duuɗe Vestmannaeyjar. Lakeeji e geec ina njogii 14,3% e wertallo mayri ; ko 23% tan woni leɗɗe.[66] Laddeeji ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko weendu Þórisvatn : 83–88 km2 (32–34 miil2) e Þingvallavatn : 82 km2 (32 miil2); maayooji goɗɗi teeŋtuɗi ina njeyaa heen Lagarfljót e Mývatn. Jökulsárlón woni maayo ɓurngo luggiɗde, e 248 m (814 meeteer).[67]

To bannge geɗe leydi, Islande ina jeyaa e ŋorol hakkundeewol Atlantik, ŋorol ngol ŋorol geec saaktata, waɗa ŋorol kesol. Ndee feccere e ŋorol hakkunde geec ina woni dow ŋorol mantel, ɗum noon ina addana Islande wonde subaerial (dow ŋorol geec). Ko ɗoon ŋorol ngol woni keeri hakkunde ŋorol Orop e ŋorol Amerik worgo, Islande tagiraa ko e ŋorol ngol e ŋorol ngol rewrude e ŋorol ngol.[68]

Fjords keewɗi ina njuuti e daande maayo Islande, njuuteendi mum ko 4 970 km (3 088 mi), ko ɗoon kadi ɓuri heewde e koɗkiiji ngoni. Nder duunde ndee, woni Toownde Islande, ko nokku toowɗo, mo hoɗdaaka, mo njaareendi, e koɗli, e gese laana ndiwoowa. Wurooji mawɗi ɗii ko laamorgo Reykjavík, yantude e gure mum gonɗe e saraaji mum, hono Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, e Garðabær, saraaji Reykjanesbær ɗo laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele woni ɗoo, e wuro Akureyri to worgo Islande. Duunde Grímsey dow cirkel Arktik ina waɗi hoɗorde ɓurnde woɗɗude Islande, Kolbeinsey ina waɗi nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude Islande.[69] Islande ina jogii nokkuuji tati : nokkuuji Vatnajökull, nokkuuji Snæfellsjökull, e nokkuuji Þingvellir.[70] Leydi ndii ina hiisee wonde "golle tiiɗɗe" e nder ndeenka weeyo, nde tawnoo ndi woni ko e 13ɓo e nder limto golle weeyo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yale e hitaande 2012.[71]

Jeeyoloji

Geysir ɓuuɓɗo e nder falnde Haukadalur, geyser ɓurɗo ɓooyde e winndere ndee

Gullfoss, ko ɓuuɓol mawngol to Islande

Leydi tokosiri to bannge geɗe leydi, ndi duuɓi mum tolnii e miliyoŋaaji 16 haa 18, Islande woni ko hollirta dow leydi Islande, ko diiwaan mawɗo gonɗo e ɓuuɓol, ummoriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Islande, e dow ŋoral Mid-Atlantic, ngal ɗiɗaɓal ngal dogata ko bannge ñaamo rewrude e maggal.[72][73] Ɗum firti ko duunde ndee ina heewi geɗe leydi, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Hekla, Eldgjá, ​​Herðubreið, e Eldfell.[74] Fuɗɗoode Laki e hitaande 1783–1784 waɗi heege, wari fotde feccere e yimɓe duunde ndee.[75] Yanti heen, ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii duule ɓuuɓɗe e ɓuuɓol feeñde e ko ɓuri heewde e Orop e nokkuuji Asii e Afrik fotde lebbi keewɗi caggal ɗuum, kadi ina battina e weeyo nokkuuji goɗɗi.[76]

Islande ina jogii geyseruuji keewɗi, ina heen Geysir, ɗo helmere Engele ndee ummorii, e Strokkur lolluɗo oo, mo ɓuuɓtata kala hojomaaji 8–10. Caggal faɗo ngo alaa golle, Geysir fuɗɗii fuɗde kadi caggal yerɓooji keewɗi e hitaande 2000. Gila ndeen Geysir ɓeydiima deeƴde, heewaani fuɗde.[77]

E nder yaajde semmbeeji leydi e huutoraade maayooji e ɓulli keewɗi ngam heɓde kuuraa, ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe ina njogii ndiyam ngulɗam, nguleeki, e kuuraa. Duunde ndee ina waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e basalt, woni laana ndiwoowa lowre silika jokkondirka e ɓuuɓol effusive no waɗiri kadi to Hawaii nii. Islande noon ina jogii sifaaji ɓuuɓɗi keewɗi (composite e fissure), keewɗi heen ina peewna ɓuuɓol ɓurngol ƴellitaade ko wayi no riolit e andesit. Islande ina jogii teemedde ɓulli ina njogii fotde 30 ɓulli gonɗi e golle.[78]

Surtsey, gooto e duuɗe ɓurɗe famɗude e winndere ndee, jeyaa ko e leydi Islande. Innde mum ko Surtr, nde ummii ko dow geec e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi hakkunde 8 noowammbar 1963 e 5 suwee 1968.[69] Ko annduɓe wiɗtooɓe mawnugol nguurndam kesam tan mbaawi yillaade duunde ndee.[79]

Ñalnde 21 mars 2010, wulnde to Eyjafjallajökull to fuɗnaange leydi Islande yani ko adii fof gila 1821, nde addani 600 neɗɗo dogde e galleeji mum en.[80] Ɓeydagol ɓuuɓol ñalnde 14 abriil addani teemedde yimɓe yaltude galleeji mum en.[81] Duule ɗe njibinaama ɗee, ngaddi caɗeele mawɗe e yah-ngartaa weeyo e nder Orop.[82]

Yiyngo toowngo e nokku gonɗo sara Reykir

Eɓɓoore mawnde woɗnde waɗii ñalnde 21 mee 2011. Oo sahaa ko ɓuuɓol Grímsvötn, ngol woni les ɓuuɓol tiiɗngol ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude e Orop, hono Vatnajökull. Grímsvötn ina jeyaa e ɓulli ɓurɗi doolnude e Islande, tee ngool ɓulli ɓuri semmbe no feewi e ɓulli Eyjafjallajökull 2010, tawi cumu e laana ndiwoowa mberlaama 20 km (12 mi) e nder weeyo, waɗi duule mawɗe.[83]

Golle ɓuuɓɗe keewɗe mbaɗii e nder duunde Reykjanes e hitaande 2020 haa e hitaande 2021, caggal fotde duuɓi 800 ɗe ngonaa golle. Caggal nde wulnde Fagradalsfjall yani ñalnde 19 marse 2021, annduɓe National Geographic teskiima wonde ɗum « ina waawi wonde fuɗɗoode duuɓi capanɗe golle wulnde ». Eɓɓoore ndee ina famɗi, ɗum addani en miijaade wonde ndeeɗoo wulnde ina waawi hulɓinaade "kala nokkuuji ɗo yimɓe ngoni".[84]

Toowgol ɓurngol toowde wonande Islande ina limtaa e 2 110 m (6 920 m) to Hvannadalshnúkur (64°00′N 16°39′H).

Politik

Islande ko leydi demokaraasi, ndi hooreejo leydi woni hooreejo leydi, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Islande woni hooreejo laamu e nder lanndaaji keewɗi. Terɗe parlemaa Islande ina cuɓee e nder njuɓɓudi laamu, e nder diiwaan.

Caggal wooteeji parlemaa 2021, lanndaaji ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko lannda jeytaare hakkunde-nyaamo (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), lannda ɓamtaare (Framsóknarflokkurinn) e Dillere nano-haako-ñebbe (Vinstrihreyfingin – grænt framboð). Ɗeeɗoo lanndaaji tati ngoni ko e fedde laamu e nder guwarnama leydi ndi, tawi ko Katrín Jakobsdóttir, nano, ardii ɗum. Lanndaaji dawrugol goɗɗi jogiiɗi jooɗorɗe e nder Althing (Luulndo) ko: Kawtal Demokaraasi (Samfylkingin), Lannda Yimɓe (Flokkur yimɓesins), Pirate Islande (Píratar), Lannda Reforme (Viðreisn) e Lannda Catal (Miðflokkurinn).

E hitaande 2016, Islande woni ɗiɗmo e doole juɓɓule mum demokaraasi[110] e 13ɓo e laaɓal laamu.[111] Leydi ndii ina jogii tolno toowngo e tawtoreede siwil, sibu 81,4% e wooteeji zi,[112] so yerondiraama e 72% e nder OCDE. Islande woni ɗiɗmo e nder Orop ngam hoolaare mum e juɓɓule sariya (polis, parlemaa e ñaawoore) e nder 73% hoolaare mum e hitaande 2018.[113]

Lanndaaji politik keewɗi ina keddii e salaade jeyeede e UE, ko adii fof ko sabu Islandenaaɓe waasde jogaade doole e jawdi mum en (haa teeŋti e liɗɗi).[114]

Hakkeeji rewɓe

Rewɓe e nder leydi Islande puɗɗiima heɓde hakke suɓaade e hitaande 1915 (e nder keeri) e ɓeydude hakke suɓaade e hitaande 1920.[115] Islande woni leydi gadani e nder winndere nde jogaade lannda politik, tawi ko rewɓe tan ardii ɗum.[116] Anndaa ko e doggol rewɓe (Kvennalistinn), ngol sosaa ko e hitaande 1983 ngam ɓamtude haajuuji rewɓe to bannge politik, faggudu, e renndo. Nde acci batte duumotooɗe e politik Islande : kala lannda mawka ina jogii 40% e rewɓe. E nder wooteeji 2021, 48% e terɗe parlemaa ko rewɓe so yerondiraama e 16% e nder winndere ndee e hitaande 2009 . E hitaande 2009, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir wonti hooreejo laamu gadano e nder winndere nde, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko LGBT.[120]

Ngomna

Alþingishúsið ko Althing (Luulndo leydi Islande) to Reykjavík.

Stjórnarráðshúsið ina hoɗi kabine Islande e biro gardiiɗo jaagorɗe to Reykjavík.

Islande ko demokaraasi wakilaagu, ko leydi parlemaa. Parlemaa hannde oo, hono Alþingi (Engele Althing), sosaa ko e hitaande 1845, woni fedde wasiyaaji laamɗo Danemark. Nde yi’aama no feewi e sosde dental sosaande e hitaande 930 e nder yontaaji Commonwealth, nde dartinaa ko juuti gila 1799 haa 1845. Ko ɗum waɗi, "ina gasa tawa ko nde demokaraasi parlemaa ɓurɗo ɓooyde e winndere ndee."[121] Nde jogii terɗe 63 ko ɓuri heewde e duuɓi nay.[122]

Mawɗo laamu nguu ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kanko e wondude e kabine, ko kañum halfinaa laamu kuuɓtodinngu.

Hooreejo leydi Islande, e ko feewti heen, ko hooreejo leydi keewɗo kewu, kadi ko dipolomaat, kono ina waawi woppude sariyaaji ɗi parlemaa suɓii, waɗta ɗum en e referaandoom ngenndiijo.[123][124] Ɓe cuɓetee ko e wooteeji yimɓe fof e manndaa duuɓi nay tawi alaa keerol manndaa. Hooreejo leydi oo hannde wiyetee ko Guðni Th. Johanesson. Ñalnde 1 ut 2016, o wonti hooreejo leydi Islande keso, o suɓaama kadi e ko ɓuri heewde e wooteeji e woote gardagol leydi 2020.[125]

Wooteeji hooreejo leydi, Althing, e dipiteeji kominaaji nokkuuji ɗii fof ina mbaɗee ceertuɗi e nder duuɓi nay kala.[126]

Kabinee e nder laamu leydi ndii, ko hooreejo leydi ndii ɓuri toɗɗaade ɗum caggal wooteeji mawɗi to Althing. Kono toɗɗagol ngol ina heewi kaaldigal e ardiiɓe lanndaaji ɗii, ɓe pelliti hakkunde maɓɓe hol lanndaaji baawɗi sosde kabine oo e hol no ɓe peccirta jooɗorɗe maɓɓe, so tawii ina jogii ballal ɓurngal heewde e nder Althing. So tawii ardiiɓe lanndaaji ɗii mbaawaano nanondirde e nder dumunna potɗo, hooreejo leydi ndii toɗɗata ko e hoore mum. Ɗum waɗaani gila republique oo sosaa e hitaande 1944, hay so tawii noon e hitaande 1942 regent oo, hono Sveinn Björnsson, toɗɗiima laamu ngu wonaa parlemaa. Sveinn ina joginoo darnde hooreejo leydi e oon sahaa, caggal ɗuum o wonti hooreejo leydi gadano e hitaande 1944.

Laamuuji Islande ko laamuuji denndinɗi, tawi ko lanndaaji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum, sibu hay lannda gooto meeɗaa heɓde ko ɓuri heewde e jooɗorɗe e nder Althing e nder yontaaji republique ɗii fof. Alaa fof nanondiral sariya jowitiingal e tolno doole politik ɗe biro hooreejo leydi jogii ; kuule keewɗe e doosɗe leydi ina nanndi e rokkude hooreejo leydi won e mbaawkaaji teeŋtuɗi, kono kuule goɗɗe and aadaaji ina kollita ko seerti.[127] E hitaande 1980, Islandenaaɓe cuɓii Vigdís Finnbogadóttir hooreejo leydi, woni debbo gadano e winndere ndee toɗɗaaɗo to bannge hooreejo leydi. O woppi laamu e hitaande 1996. E hitaande 2009, Islande wonti leydi gadani ndi hooreejo laamu nguu woni gaynaako, nde Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir wonti gardiiɗo jaagorɗe.[128]

Feccere njuɓɓudi

Islande ina feccii e diiwanuuji, e diwanuuji, e kominaaji. Diiwanuuji jeetati ɗii ɓuri huutoreede ko e limtooji. Juɓɓule ñaawirɗe diiwanuuji ina kuutoroo kadi mbaydi ɓooyndi e ndee feccere.[69] Haa e hitaande 2003, diiwanuuji wooteeji parlemaa ɗii ko gooti e diiwanuuji ɗii, kono e waylo-waylo doosgal leydi ndii, ɗi mbayliima wonti diiwanuuji jeegom jooni ɗii :

• Reykjavík Fuɗnaange e Reykjavík Fuɗnaange (diiwanuuji wuro);
• Fuɗnaange-rewo (nokkuuji nay gonɗi e saraaji Reykjavík ɗi ngonaa jokkondirɗi);
• Fuɗnaange-rewo e Fuɗnaange-rewo (feccere worgo Islande, feccii); be
• Fuɗnaange (feccere fuɗnaange Islande, tawa Reykjavík e gure mum ina heen).

Waylo-waylo redistricting ngoo waɗiraa ko ngam ballondiral e teddeendi diiwanuuji ceertuɗi e nder leydi ndii nde tawnoo ko adii ɗuum wooteeji baɗaaɗi e nokkuuji ɗi yimɓe mum en keewaani e nder leydi ndii ina limta ko ɓuri wooteeji baɗaaɗi e nokkuuji wuro Reykjavík. Ko ŋakkere hakkunde diiwanuuji ɗii ustii e nder njuɓɓudi kesiri ndii kono ina woodi haa jooni.[69]

Municipaluuji capanɗe jeegom e jeenay e nder leydi Islande ina laamii geɗe nokkuuje ko wayi no duɗe, yah-ngartaa, e zoning.[129] Ko ɗeen ngoni tigi rigi diwanuuji to bannge tolno ɗiɗaɓo Islande, sibu diwanuuji ɗii ngalaa ko njogii so wonaa e wooteeji e ngam limde. Reykjavík woni wuro ɓurngo heewde yimɓe, fotde laabi nay ɓuri Kópavogur, ɗiɗaɓo.[69]

• 
  Diiwanuuji Islande
• 
  Dowlaaji leydi Islande
• 
  Munisipaaluuji leydi Islande

Nate

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